456 PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS. 



the occiput, has the greatest likeness — only being doable the size — to 

 the highly vaulted skull of a gibbon. It is not strange, therefore, that 

 I have made the facial portion of the skull not very different from that 

 of the gibbon. 



II. — TEETH. 



The teeth, a left second upper molar and a third right upper molar, 

 belong, if we mayjudge from the circumstances of their discovery, to each 

 other and to the skullcap. They are also modeled in a very similar man- 

 ner and are in the same state of preservation and of petrifaction. The 

 unequal wear of their crowns and the considerable difference in their 

 size are appearances that can often be seen both in the skulls of men 

 and of apes. Both have very strongly diverging roots, such as others 

 as well as myself acknowledge never to have seen in human molars. 

 Only exceptionally are there found in man upper molars with a crown 

 of such great size. I measured on a skull from New South Wales, in 

 Yirchow's laboratory, the transverse and sagittal diameters of a left 

 second upper molar, finding it 15.5 by 12.5 mm., and those of a third 

 left upper molar, finding it 15 to 10.5 mm. The same dimensions of the 

 fossil molars from Java are 11 by 12 mm. for the secoud upper molar, 

 and 15.3 by 11.3 mm. for the third upper molar. A secoud upper molar 

 from the cave of Spy I found to be of exactly the same dimensions as 

 the molar from Java. 



In the form of the crown the Javanese molars show a marked ape- 

 like type; that is to say, in the relative development of their cusps. 

 As in anthropoid apes, the posterior buccal cusp is in both teeth the 

 smallest, so that the cusps of both are smallest on the outer side. In 

 man the reverse is the case. Only in the third molar is an exception 

 to this rule rarely found. 



An exhaustive comparison has, however, convinced me that the teeth 

 are in no closer relation to those of any of the living anthropoids. 



In spite of all their simian characters, both, especially in the third 

 molar, show a strong retrogression of the crown, such as is more fre- 

 quently found in man than in the anthropoid apes. According to this 

 the general arrangement of the dental arch must have been widely dif- 

 ferent from that which obtains with the great anthropoid apes. Com- 

 paring the size of the teeth with that of the skull, the proportion is 

 found to be the same as that in the gibbon, but somewhat less than 

 that which prevails with the anthropoid apes. They therefore agree 

 very well with the smooth, crestless skullcap. 



in. — FEMUR. 



The femur was quite generally declared to be human by authors who 

 had closely examined either the actual specimen or drawings of it. It 

 has, as before mentioned, a very deceptive resemblance to the human 

 femur. It differs from the latter, however, and that difference is as 



