FRESH-WATER BIOLOGICAL STATIONS OF THE WORLD. 505 



we must look to the laboratories of these two continents. Among all 

 European countries, Switzerland has furnished perhaps the greatest 

 number of investigators and stations for limnobiology. together with 

 the most extended and valuable results, although even yet there is not 

 in that country, so far as I can ascertain, a building exclusively devoted 

 to the purposes of this investigation. First and foremost among these 

 investigators may be mentioned Forel, of the University of Lausanne, 1 

 to whom reference has already been made. His investigations have 

 been carried on for more than thirty years on Lake Geneva; to him we 

 are indebted for the first knowledge of the abyssal fauna of a fresh- water 

 lake, for the first extended programme and plan for the investigation of 

 such a lake, and for the first effort toward the realization of such a plan, 

 which finds its full expression in his " Lac Leman," a monograph at 

 present in the course of publication ; the volumes which have appeared 

 thus far treat of physical, chemical, and meteorological conditions on 

 the lake, and are to be followed by others which will complete, with the 

 flora and fauna, the entire limnologic investigation. The series will 

 make a magnificent and permanent contribution to lacustrine investi- 

 gation, and will serve as a model for the work of all times. 



The work of Zschokke, professor at the University of Basel, has been 

 directed, as already mentioned, toward the elucidation of the fauual 

 aspect of elevated lakes. It has been carried on through many years 

 at different points, including the lakes of the Jura to the westward, as 

 well as those in various regions of the Alps proper, and his papers on 

 the fauna of elevated lakes contain the only general statement of the 

 problem, as well as of the characteristic features of such localities, that 

 has yet appeared. 



Lake Constance has been the scene in recent years of the work of 

 numerous investigators under the guidance of an association for the 

 investigation of the lake, which has its headquarters at Lindau. The 

 published accounts of these investigations have thus far been prelimi- 

 nary in character, and I am unable to learn whether there is a build- 

 ing devoted to the purposes of investigation and whether the work is 

 carried on throughout the entire year. This lake was the scene of 

 early investigations by Weismann in 1877, and the present work, which 

 was inaugurated about 1893, is under the direction of Holer, of the 

 University of Munich. 



At present Switzerland is the scene of the most extensive scheme 

 for lake investigation which has been entered upon anywhere. Under 

 the leadership of the Limnological Commission appointed by the Swiss 

 Natural History Society all efforts in lacustrine work are to be directed 

 and unified; methods, problems, and localities are to be studied in the 

 most thorough manner and the results are to be published by the 



'In a sense the laboratory of the university, which is located near the shore of the 

 lake, is the building of the station, as in Wisconsin, mentioned below. 



