DOGS AND SAVAGES. 657 



greater leanness, accomplish considerable, their strength and persever- 

 ance being astonishing. Kenuan says: 1 "I drove a team of nine, in 

 twenty-four hours, over 150 kilometers; tbey often pull for forty-eight 

 hours with no food except one fish of 1£ or 2 pounds. In the west the 

 dogs are made to pull with the hips, in the east with the breast." 3 

 According to Erjnau, 3 the tent-living Samoyeds use only the reindeer as 

 a draft animal, but the remainder of the Samoyeds and the Yakuts use 

 dogs, and indeed each one can pull an average weight of 20 to 35 pud. 4 

 Concerning Tobolsk, says the Abbe Ohappe d'Anteroche, 5 "The only 

 traveling is by dogs, which are harnessed to sledges." In the province 

 of Jenesei there were in 1864, in the capital, 115 sledge dogs; in the 

 city of Turukhansk, 13; in the entire district, 8(30.'' According to 

 Finsch, 7 a draft dog costs, in Beresovskoe, 2 roubles. They are so har- 

 nessed that the drawing strap passes from the sledge between the 

 legs of the dog and to a ring fastened around the body and to the tail; 

 they draw, therefore, with the hips. Still farther east the number of 

 sledge dogs is so much greater that in 1880 there were in Yakutsk 

 3,792, 8 although many Yakuts still travel with reindeer." Wrangel 10 

 already observed that on the Kolyma male dogs exclusively are used 

 for pulling, part of the females being saved for subsequent breeding 

 purposes, and the rest drowned; he was very much astonished at the 

 sagacity displayed by the leader. Along the Kolyma the inhabitants 

 are also of the firm conviction that there the male dogs alone can 

 thrive. Notwithstanding this any change for the better is made im- 

 possible, the people often enduring the pangs of hunger in order to 

 support their dogs. Their number is estimated at 2,265, and since each 

 receives 1 herrings daily there are required during the year for them 

 alone 3,306,900 fishes. Between the Lena and Bering straits 12 dogs 

 run before every "narte" and cover in an hour on favorable ground 5 

 nautical miles. At Skigausk a good leading dog is worth from 40 to 

 60 roubles. 11 The descriptions of men and dogs during the winter at 

 Ussuri are very interesting. 12 

 The Kamchatkans are the recognized masters in dog-sledge driving 



1 Tent Life in Siberia, p. 124. 



2 Hiekisch, Die Tungusen, p. 78. 



;i Reise um die Erde, I, 701, 655, 296. 



* Peterm. Mitth. 1872,361. 



fl Voyage en Siberie I, 202. 



"Peterm. Mitth. 1867, 330. 



7 Reise nacb Westsibirien, pp.367, 590; Ausland 1882, 307. 



8 Rnssiscbe Revue XI, 443. 



'Peterm. Ergiinz., Heft No. 54, 26; von Middendorff, Reise IV, 1295, et seq., 1330 

 et seq., Gilder, Ice-Pack and Tundra, p. 301; Seebohm, Siberia in Asia, p. 43, con- 

 cerning those in Turschansk; Buletschef, Reisen in Ostsibirien I, 73; Erman, Reise 

 um die Erde II, 427, concerning the dog sledges at Ochozk. 



'"Reise I, 212. 



"Peterm. Mitth. 1879, 420, 168; 1887, 120. 



12 Extraits des Publications de la Socie"tc Imp. Geogr. de St. Petersbourg, 1859, 78. 

 SM 98 42 



