658 DOGS AND SAVAGES. 



and in breaking in dogs. They also use only the males, the team con- 

 sisting of 12 besides the leader; on each dog falls the average load 

 of 1 pood ,(3G pounds) and in twenty-four hours he is expected to cover 

 a distance of 150 versts (100 miles) 1 . Krascheninnikow the elder 2 

 remarks that in going down hill only one dog is used, and WrangelF 

 that with dogs not fully trained only 10 to 15 versts (7 to 10 miles) dis- 

 tance is covered in a day, at first; he is also of the opinion that the use 

 of dogs as draft animals originated on this peninsula, and that earlier 

 all peoples of northeastern Asia drove only reindeer. The number of 

 draft dogs is approximately 10,000, an average of to each family, and 

 the price is from 3 to 25 roubles each. 4 Here, as with the Tchuktches, 

 they are urged on by a rattle. 5 In recent times the number of dogs 

 in a team, the size of the load, aud the price of dogs seems to have 

 changed greatly, for Gilder 6 saw in Petropaulovski G drawing a sledge 

 with one person; a team of 9 good dogs was expected to pull GOO 

 pounds, while with the Eskimos 9 dogs pulled a load of 1,800 to 2,000 

 pounds 15 to 20 English miles a day for weeks, and even for months. 

 He bought 40 full grown dogs and paid for each 17.50. Terman and 

 Bennet 7 drove in sledges with 4 or 6 dogs. When von Dittmar 8 lived 

 there, there was a team of 8 large, black dogs with a fox-red leader, 

 that alone was worth 25 roubles, while the other 8 together were worth 

 only 40 roubles. Each one had a leather neck strap, therefore pulling 

 with the breast and neck, and all were governed solely by the voice. 



Concerning the draft dogs of the Tchuktches, we learn through 

 Wrangell 9 that not as on the Kolyma, always 2, but always 4 run 

 abreast; through Hedenstrom 10 that they can, exceptionally, cover 200 

 versts (132 miles) in a day; and through Kordenskiold 11 that they can 

 pull for twenty-one consecutive hours without being unharnessed. 

 There are also many draft dogs on Bering Island, GOO being used 

 exclusively to haul driftwood on sledges. 12 



Let us return from here over the island of Sakhalin to Russian Asia, 

 in order to observe several races who drive mostly draft dogs of a 

 smaller breed, as in the Amur coast lands, 13 or as the Tunguses and 



1 Peterm. Erganzuugsheft, No. 54, 16; Zeitsclir. f. allg. Erclk. N. F., XVI, 315. 



2 Beschriebung des Landes K., p. 237, 18. 



3 Reise, II, 262, 25. 

 4 Ausland, 1891,694. 



6 Zeitschr. f. Ethnologie, 1872, 238. 

 6 Ice Pack and Tundra, p. 17. 



7 Journal of Voyages and Travels, I, 478. 



R Reisen und Aufenthalt in Kamtschatka, p. 160, in the Beitr. zur Kenntn. des russ. 

 Reiches. 



9 Reise, 11,226. 



10 In Erman's Archiv., XXIV, 132. 



n Umsegeluug Asiens, 1, 457; cf. Ausland, 1882, 699; Deutsche Geogr. Blatter, 

 V, 119. 



12 Deutsche Geogr. Blatter, VIII, 234. 



13 Radde, Reise ini Siid v. Ostsibiren, p. 86. 



