DOGS AND SAVAGES. 659 



Lamuts, who also drive reindeer. 1 In the island of Sakhalin all the 

 tails of the males are cropped to remove a hindrance in pulling. 2 The 

 Oroks of to-day are "a mongrel race of reindeer-driving nomads and 

 stationary dog-owning fishermen." 3 The draft dogs of the Giljacs are 

 described by H. ivussell Killough, 4 a traveler among the Yukahiras, in 

 Petermann's Supplement, No. 54, 17. 



In Alaska the dogs of a team, usually I abreast, travel so closely 

 one behind the other that amputation of their tails is found to be nec- 

 essary. 5 * * * Krause 6 writes concerning the teams of the Tlin- 

 kits, Boas ' of those of the natives of Baffins Land, Leland and Kane 8 

 of the Ottawas of the northern lakes. Formerly, dog sledges orna- 

 mented by three bells were in use at the head waters of the Mississippi, 

 sledges were also used by the Thickwood Cree Indians in winter. 9 In 

 Labrador the sledges are drawn by from 12 to 20 male and female dogs 

 with 2 leaders, on a 20 to 30 foot trace, while the other dogs of the 

 team are traced short. During the thawing weather in the spring the 

 dogs wear regularly made shoes of seal skin, in which are cut holes for 

 the two front toes to give freedom to the nails. Above the toes the 

 leather is tied fast. It is easily conceived that the animals become 

 exhausted after three hours during these thaws. With lighter loads, 

 3 to 12 animals are used before the sledge, with a leader attached to a 

 trace 5 meters long. 10 



The Eskimo dog, which Le Peyrere 11 described in 1647, saying that 

 he was very large and was used like a horse, is found, according to 

 Robert Brown, 12 as far north as man goes, but is not used by the 

 Eskimos farther south than Holsteinborg, because the ocean does not 

 freeze in winter sufficiently hard to use sledges on it. If this dog 

 should become extinct, the Greenlander must also perish; this event 

 is more certain than the extinction of the prairie Indians after 

 the death of the last buffalo. In Greenland to 8 dogs usually go 

 together; in order to break them of their obstinacy they are often 

 beaten with a whip having a handle a meter long with 6 or 8 lashes 



l Ratzel, Anthropogeograpbie, II, 73; Peterru. Erganz.-Heft, No. 54, 22; Peterni. 

 Mitth., 1894, 135. 



- Poljakow, Reise, p. 34, 42. Peterm. Mitth., 1881, 112. 



3 Poljakow, loc. cit. 95; Peterm. Mitth., 1893, Literaturberickte, p. 165. 



4 Seize mille lieues a travers FAsie, 1, 192. 



-Peterm. Mittb., 1892, 137; cf. Bancroft, Native Paces, I, 62. 



'■Die Tlinkit Indianer, p. 89. 



7 Peterm. Ergiinz.-Heft No. 80, S. 7, and Boas in tbe Hamburger Nachricbten of 11, 

 1, 1889. 



8 Lelang, Fusang, p. 19. Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, p. 26. 



°Waitz, III, 87; Lord, Tbe Naturalist in Vancouver and Britisb Columbia, II, 

 212-226. 



10 Peterm. Mittb., 1863, 125. Neumayer, Die Deutscben Expeditionen und ibre 

 Ergebnisse, I, 173, 175, 183; II, 26. 



11 Relation du Groenland; cf. Norderiskiold, Gronland, p, 420. 

 13 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868; cf. Peterm. Mittb., 1869,463. 



