DOGS AND SAVAGES. 663 



named Callus, who lived in the twelfth century and described this same 

 battle, said nothing whatever of mad dogs. 1 There is no doubt that 

 Pasjepolje, or dog field, received its name before the battle of 1109, and 

 is probably of the same ancient origin as the word Psar, belonging to so 

 many places. In the good old times of the European Middle Ages we 

 find numerous examples of the disposing of superfluous men by means 

 of dogs. I instance only the well-known story of the Cid, who, when he 

 could not get wood enough to barn his prisoners, had them torn to 

 pieces by dogs. 2 In later times such bloodhounds were used in America 

 for the execution of the most terrible deeds at the command of their 

 masters. 



We learn from Stanley that in Usukuma and Uganda dogs are used 

 in battle. This was also the custom in ancient times. 3 When Marius 

 overcame the Cimbri, his legions had also to fight against women and 

 dogs. The Celts, as is shown by a bronze dog from Herculaneum, pro- 

 tected their dogs with spiked collars and metal breastplates. In the 

 battle of Morat, in 1476, as the troops stood in order of battle, the dogs 

 also began to fight. The Burgundian dogs were overcome by those of 

 the Swiss, an omen of the overthrow of their masters. The Turks also, 

 placed dogs on their outposts. That the much prized Friedenhuudeof 

 our day were formerly educated as war dogs is proved by a widespread 

 literature on that subject. In conclusion I will only say that on Robben 

 Island (near Kapstadt) the bodies of people who have died of the 

 smallpox are given to the dogs to eat. 4 * * * 



The Eskimos of America pour the urine over the fragile roofs of their 

 artificial snow huts, and thereby attract the caribou, which are greedy 

 for the salt that it contains. 5 The chalky excrement, for which there is 

 a special market in Berlin as the so called pharmaceutic gentian, is used 

 by the peoples of western Asia for tanning. Its use spread from there 

 to the dog-abounding city of Constantinople, for the preparation of 

 morocco leather, and great cargoes of it are sent from thence to the 

 United States for the preparation of morocco. 7 The Tlinkits throw the 

 bodies of dogs attached to long' lines into the sea; after a time they 

 become covered with dentalia and are then withdrawn. 8 Concerning 

 the use of the teeth for weapons and adornment, see below. According to 

 Agatharchidas, Diodorus, and Strabo, the name Cynomolgi (dog's-tnilk 



1 Ropell, Gesch. Polens, I, 670. 



2 Gartenlaube, 1893, 442. 



3 Journal Geogr. Soc. London, 1876, 28; Zeitsekr. f. Jagd- und Hunde-Liebhaber, 

 St. Gallen, 1892, 169. 



* J. Stanley Little, South Africa, II, 274. 



5 Klutsckak, Als Eskimo uuter Eskimos, p. 131; Neuruayer, Die Deutsch. Exped. 

 und ikre Ergebnisse, II, 16. 



6 Olivier, Voyage dans l'Empire Ottoman, 1801, I. 



7 Zool. Garten, 1894, 55 ; Natur, 1892, 334. 



8 Krause, Die Tlinkit Iudianer, p. 183, and for Alaska, Ausland, 1888, 970. 



