DOGS AND SAVAGES. 669 



personally drew up all plans of battle. Among- the Esthonians black 

 dogs, cats, moles, and cocks belong to that class of animals that must 

 be sacrificed at the raising of the Kalevi treasure. 1 In Manchuria the 

 evil spirit, or little black dog, is visible to the sorcerer alone. 2 The 

 shamans, or medicine men, sacrifice a dog on great occasions for exor- 

 cism. 3 In Kamchatka a dog is also offered up to the evil spirit of the 

 hills, the entrails are strewn around, and the body and hind legs hung 

 on a long pole. 4 Of Phcenician origin was the worship of the goddess 

 upon the promontory of Kolias near Athens, where, on the second day 

 of the Thesmophorian festival, there were held at night orgies during 

 which dogs were offered up, a custom which fully indicates its oriental 

 origin. 5 In West Timor, as a declaration of war, the head of a black 

 dog is thrown into the territory of the enemy. fi 



The dog was worshiped and appeased as a god by many peoples, as 

 in America among the ancient Peruvians of Xauxa and Huanca, where 

 priests blew upon the skeletonized heads of dogs. In Cuzco, the blood 

 of black dogs was smeared over the countenances of the idols, their 

 hearts and lungs were used in augury ; the ears of dogs used at a burial 

 were cut off. 7 Similar offerings were known earlier in Yucatan. 8 In 

 Africa, the Baghirmi, natives of Gabbed, also sacrifice dogs. 9 At 

 ancient Byblus, in Asia, the dog was sacred to Mars. On the Lykos 

 River, in Syria, stood a hollow idol of a dog which sounded as the 

 wind blew threw it, but on the approach of an enemy barked, in 

 tones audible as far as Cyprus. The dog is also honored by many 

 families of the Ansurii. Zoroaster also makes this animal sacred and 

 it is highly honored by the Kolis. 10 In Sikkim, the household gods of 

 the Metch are distorted figures of a god often pictured as riding on a 

 dog. 11 In Japan, dogs are numerous because they are held as sacred. 

 These dogs are often buried so that only the head remains free. Before 

 the nose of the dog is placed dainty food. After this Tantalus like 

 torture, the head is cut off shortly before death from starvation, and 

 made into the mysterious box of the priest. 12 That a long time ago 



1 Archiv Antkrop., X, 89. 



2 Journal Geogr. Soc. of London, 1872, 173. 



3 Prschewalsky, Reisen nacli Thibet, p. 150. 



4 Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia, p. 113. 



6 Oberhuminer, Phoeuizier in Akarnanien, p. 60 ; Movers, Die Phoeniz. I, 401 et seq. ; 

 Hundeopfer bei Phoeniz. Holm, 1, 89, 374. 



6 Deutsche Geogr. Blatter, X, 229. 



7 Humboldt, Ansicht d. Natur, 1849, I, 135, 460 ; Waitz, IV, 453 ; Kolenati Reise- 

 erinnerungen, p. 86; Journ. Geogr. Soc. London, II, 200; Steft'en, Landwirthschaft bei 

 d. altamer. Volkeru, p. 29; Philippi in Festschr. d. Ver. f. Naturkunde, Cassel, 1886, 

 3; Zeitschr. f. Ethnologie, 1888, 20. 



8 Waitz, IV, 309. 



9 H. Barth's Reise, III, 571. 



10 Ritter, Erdkunde, XVII, 1, 62, 510; Bastian, Geogr. u. Ethuolog. Bilder, p. 224. 



11 Deutsche Rundschau f. Geogr. u. Stat., X, 341. 



12 Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdk., N. F., IV, 428 ; Zeitschr. f. Ethn., 1877, 335. 



