674 DOGS AND SAVAGES. 



with their skins off, at which time they were children. She craftily 

 took their skins away, and they consequently became men and the 

 ancestors of these Indians. Bastian 1 informs us that men, on account 

 of evil deeds, may lose their voices and must for punishment bark like 

 dogs. In conclusion, I will give only two more examples. That the 

 souls of men may find homes in the bodies of dogs is held at Tongking 2 

 and at Africa, wliere, among the Baschilange, according to Pogge, the 

 faith prevails. Therefore they call those who eat no dog's flesh 

 " Muschilambus." Whether this is because of any veneration to the 

 dog he does not know. Kalambo, however, has all dogs killed because 

 they are magical beings. 3 



For a number of years past I have been working on a book which is 

 to contain a collection of the names given to mammals by all peoples, 

 and it will be readily understood that in this collection the designa- 

 tions for the widely distributed dog surpass all others in number. Let 

 us see what deductions can be drawn from the names given to dogs by 

 savages in the four quarters of the globe. 



Among the African names for the dog there is one that is also used 

 for animals in general; among others there are several that are used in 

 one and the same tribe for swine. This favors the view that the earliest 

 dogs among them were not used either for the chase or as guardians, 

 but, like swine, for food, perhaps as far back as that epoch when the 

 northern part of Africa had a differeut conformation, together with a 

 different flora and fauna. 



In North America a comparison of the words for wolf and dog show 

 us that, as was also known from zoological reasons, the dog distributed 

 from north to south was partly derived from the Canis latrans by the 

 somewhat active intercourse between the Indian tribes of the Northwest 

 and the peoples of northeastern Asia, and also that at an early period 

 the dog of the Tchuktches and Kamchatkans came over, for the Kam- 

 chatkan name for dog is also found in America. When later the Euro- 

 pean horse was brought on he frequently received the name of some 

 species of deer; but, as he soon became indispensable, he sometimes 

 received the same name as the only domestic animal they had hitherto 

 had; so in Dakota the mystical word for horse is ^schankorwankati," 

 the holy or spirit dog. 



In South America, as in Africa, we sometimes find the same name used 

 for dog and pig; occasionally the same for dog and beast of prey. The 

 bare word tehinu (dog) is the same as the Botocudo tchine (animal), also 

 thiicke uUcliiaglmnti among the Miranhas; in the same way the modern 

 Greeks call the horse generally the animal, the Italians call sheep pecora, 

 on the Bomagna pigura; the Greeks of Thira designate all beasts of 

 burden nr?~j/ua, in Syra irregularly to htijvo. The age of the South 



1 Zur Kenntnis Hawaiis S., 83. 



2 Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdk., 1, 108. 



3 Mitth. d. afrikan. Ges. in Deutsckland, IV, 255; Wissniaim, Durchijuerung Afr., 

 p. 128. 



