OCEANOGRAPHY, BIONOMICS, AND AQUI CULTURE. 



435 



to the Malay Archipelago, Wyville Thomson, Hincks, and Carpenter, 



the successors of Forbes, Johnston, and Alder, were beginning their 

 life work. Abroad that great teacher and investigator, Johannes 

 Miiller, was training among his pupils the most eminent zoologists, 

 anatomists, and physiologists of the succeeding quarter century. In 

 this country, as we have seen, Huxley was just beginning to publish 

 that splendid series of researches into the structure of nearly all groups 

 in the auimal kingdom to which comparative anatomy owes so much. 

 In fact, the few years before and after the last Ipswich meeting wit- 

 nessed the activity of some of the greatest of our British zoologists — 

 the time was pregnant with work which has since advanced, and in 

 some respects revolutionized our subject. It was then still usual for 

 the naturalist to have a competent knowledge of the whole range of the 

 natural sciences. Edward Forbes, for example, was a botanist and a 



EVOLUTION 



DISTRIBUTION 



Field Naturalist 



MEDICAL 



geologist, as well as a zoologist. He occupied the chair of botany at 

 King's College, London, and the presidential chair of the geological 

 section of the British Association at Liverpool in 1854. That excessive 

 specialization, from which most of us suffer in the present day, bad not 

 yet arisen; and in the comprehensive, but perhaps not very detailed 

 survey of his subject taken by one of the field naturalists of that time, 

 we find the beginnings of different lines of work, which have since 

 developed into some half dozen distinct departments of zoology, are 

 now often studied independently, and are in some real danger of losing 

 touch with one another. (See diagram.) 



The splendid anatomical and "morphological" researches of Huxley 

 and Johannes Miiller have been continued by the more minute histo- 

 logical or cellular work rendered possible by improvements of the 

 microtome and the microscope, until at last in these latter ye&x-s we 



