THE YELLOW RACES. 509 



We have at the very first microscopically examined their hair, the most 

 liotrichian that can be found, circular in form, at the same time very 

 coarse, very black, very stiff, and very hard. We have analyzed the 

 elements of that only slightly pigmented skin in its shades varying from 

 citrine white to yellowish or reddish brown. We have next tried to 

 explain to ourselves the morphology of those so-called bridled eyelids 

 which are so characteristic of the race, and we have found, with Siebold, 

 that they owe their peculiar aspect to a cutaneous fold which masks 

 the corner of the eye until it makes the lacrymal caruncle invisible and 

 covers the inner third of the tarsus cartilage, and to a thickening of 

 the same cartilage under the upper eyelid, which covers and half hides 

 the lashes. The opening of an eye thus " bridled" is curtailed, trian- 

 gular, and often even oblique. We have found that these peculiar 

 appearances of the Mongolian eye are independent of the facial skele- 

 ton, since there are in existence very many Asiatic subjects — I have 

 exhibited several to you — in whom a nose of very great elevation and 

 cheek bones very closely resembling our own may coexist with the 

 most strikingly deformed eyes that could possibly be found in Mongo- 

 lian countries. 



The study of the skeleton has shown us that the Mongolian skull is 

 hyperbrachycephalous; its cephalic index exceeds 87; it is a genuine 

 Mongolian skull, which, for the present, represents the extreme limit of 

 brachycephalism, free from deformity, with the index 98,21 (Huxley). 

 Shortened, enlarged, and at the same time elliptical, it is perceptibly 

 less high than broad, and well deserves the name of platy brachycepha- 

 lous, which I have recently bestowed upon it. 1 The face is in perfect 

 harmony with this low skull, expanded transversely; it looks like a 

 more or less shortened lozenge. The external orbital apophyses, long 

 and divergent, form a connection with cheek bones of coarse nature, 

 with angular cheeks pressed back on the outside by upper maxillaries 

 of an exaggerated size. Turned down, forward and outward, these cheek 

 bones, at the same time that they bend in a right augle upon their 

 upper and inner edge so as to give to the orbit its remarkable breadth, 

 overreach below in a characteristic projection on which Pruner-Bey 

 has often very justly insisted. This is what he called the daylight orbit 

 (orbite a jour); a part of the orbitary edge becomes really visible in 

 the vertical direction. The Mongolian skull is, moreover, generally 

 phoenozygous; in other words, seen from above it shows its zygomatic 

 arch more or less removed and convex. The maxillaries, which are 

 transversely flattened, become rather hollow at a level with the canine 

 cavities and afterwards develop largely, both transversely and upward. 

 The nasal orifice, which they surround, is quite large, but at the same 

 time very much elongated, and the indication which a comparison of 

 these two dimensions gives is platyrrhinian. The bones of the nose, 

 properly speaking, rise in a prominent ridge, and thus trace in the very 

 center of the facial lozenge a quite characteristic relievo. 



1 Crania Ethnica, p. 402 and foil. 



