510 THE YELLOW RACES. 



The dental arch is hardly prognathous, below the nasal aperture, 

 to which it frequently adheres in an oblique slope which dispenses with 

 the sharp edge of the prenasal vestibule. This arch is, however, large, 

 short, almost semicircular, and is armed with teeth which present 

 nothing remarkable, neither as to size nor as to shape. 



The rather low, very powerful mandible is remarkable for the angular 

 aspect of its symphysis, and of its posterior angles, which are promi- 

 nent, often extroversated, and which extend on either side in a kind of 

 voluminous heel. 



To assist me in this description, I have placed before you some very 

 striking specimens recently brought home from Mongolia by Dr. 

 Ernest Martin, and by placing by the side of these skulls from Eul 

 She Sou Go, some Turkish, Annamite, Chinese skulls, and others, I 

 have given you from the beginning of my demonstration a very pre- 

 cise impression of the large polymorphism of these races, which, though 

 so varied among themselves, are habitually confounded in a veritable 

 amalgam. 



All the other characteristic features peculiar to the Mongolians have 

 been examined with the same attention as the anatomical features. In 

 this summary I shall not return to what I have told you at that time of 

 their intellectual and moral nor of their social and religious peculiar- 

 ities. Availing myself of the descriptions given by the best indorsed 

 writers, I have endeavored to show you the most perfect picture of the 

 life on the steppes, and certain photographs, with a visit to the Guimet 

 Museum, have fortunately come to the assistance of my very unsatis- 

 factory descriptions. 



What I have thus done for the true Mongolians, I have next done for 

 the Kalmuks, assisted by a good monograph by M. Deniker for the 

 Bouriats, with the aid of divers documents collected by Messrs. 

 Malieff and Bogdanoff, and we have thus been enabled to recognize 

 how this last race of men, who of all Mongolians assimilated most 

 easily, have in our day most essentially changed in consequence of 

 their repeated alliances with their masters, our friends the Russians. 



The second branch which we had to examine was that of the Old 

 Turks, very much nearer to the source from which the Mongolians 

 sprang than they have remained since, but one branch of whom, sep- 

 arated from the others by the great invasions toward the close of the 

 Middle Ages, has in part preserved their archaic aspect. These .North- 

 ern Turks are the Yakuts, permanently settled to the number of 

 200,000 souls, as this map shows, on the banks of the lower Lena, and 

 they show us in several tribes, especially in those called Utsha, Cheta, 

 etc., to judge by Middendorf's arguments, very striking Mongolian 

 affinities. 



The other Turks (perhaps 20,000,000 souls), those whom we call Turko- 

 mans in our works on history, and whose daring invasions into Europe 

 and into Africa have wondrously enlarged their original domain, are 



