THE YELLOW RACES. 515 



ocean, the extreme northeastern part of the New World, Greenland, at 

 •the very time when it sent forth its most advanced tribes to reach the 

 Falls of Niagara, though without going beyond them. I have here only 

 briefly indicated the most essential features in the history of these 

 Hyperboreans. It seemed to me more convenient to give you a detailed 

 account of these various groups when I should present you the other 

 natives of the far north of America. I do not, on that account, attach 

 less importance to the ideas which I have always maintained as to the 

 position which ought to be assigned to the Eskimos at one end of the 

 line, of which the Mongolians occupy the other end. They are the true 

 dolichocephalous members of Mongolism, as I shall show you in a few 

 days. In the order of campaign which we have adopted they are sepa- 

 rated from the Aleuts, with whom quite recently M. Virchow confounded 

 them, by the Tungus-Manchu, whom we have just slightly reviewed, 

 and by the Chinese, whom we shall yet have to investigate rapidly, so 

 as to make an end of our studies as far as this whole great yellow host 

 is concerned. 



The Chinese, who are the most numerous of all yellow races (the 

 least exaggerated numbers still give to China a population of more 

 than 300,000,000), differ decidedly from all the other Asiatics whose 

 essential features I have recalled before. Their hair, their complexion, 

 their eyes, it is true, do not present any very decided peculiarity, but 

 the bones of the skull and of the face offer forms and proportions 

 which are not met with outside of what might be called the zone of 

 Chinese influence. 



Von Baer, who was the first to call attention to this special morphol- 

 ogy of the Chinese head, expressed himself in a very picturesque 

 manner when he tried to describe it. He had spoken of Buriat and 

 Kalmuck skulls. "Imagine,'' he added, "you had the mold of a Kal 

 muck skull, made of some elastic material, such as gutta percha, and 

 you were to compress with both hands the two sides of the top so as to 

 make the brow rise and the top of the head and the occiput to stand 

 out more boldly; compress then," he added, "the zygomatic arches so 

 as to make them narrower and so as to cause the jugal bones, and espe- 

 cially the maxillaries, to appear in profile toward the front, and you will 

 have the Chinese type." 



The skull of the Chinese is, in fact, both longer and higher in pro- 

 portion than those of all other yellow men. His cephalic index falls 

 down to subdolichocephalism (the average indication of 112 skulls of 

 the two sexes=77.24) and its height slightly exceeds its width. The 

 face, harmonizing completely with the skull, is always of medium dila- 

 tation, with high and prominent cheek bones, and jaws which protrude 

 in narrow and lengthened prognathism. 



All true Chinese, whatever their origin may be, maintain more or 

 less strictly the osteological type that I have here defined. No doubt 

 the external features vary at times, vary very greatly, indeed; the 



