RELATION OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES TO ENVIRONMENT. 629 



I wish to show just how evolution affects the human mind, and in 

 order to do it I must explain to you that man develops in qualities, and 

 only in grades of qualities. The difference which exists between man 

 and man is not a question of properties, but only a question of quali- 

 ties. If I make that clear to you, then I will make you understand what 

 human evolution is. 



Now, there are rive properties of natural bodies. Bodies have num- 

 ber, bodies have extension, bodies have motion, bodies have duration, 

 and animate bodies have judgment. But there is a difference between 

 properties and qualities. 



We set on a table a dozen apples in a tray. There are twenty men at 

 the table. The number is a property of the apples. Here are twelve 

 apples and twenty men sitting at the table. Twelve apples are few for 

 twenty men. Suppose they are all taken by one man; the same twelve 

 apples are many for that one man, few for many men. Many and few 

 are qualities of things, and those qualities of things are always con- 

 sidered in relation to the purpose to which they are put. The twelve 

 apples do not change as properties; the apples are the same in both 

 cases; but instantaneously, according to the point of view, the many 

 may become few and the few many. Thus, there are properties and 

 qualities of number. 



There are properties of extension or form ; out of them are developed 

 qualities of form. Here is a razor; it is sharp; the sharpness is a prop- 

 erty of its form. A man shaves with this razor, and its quality is good 

 for this purpose because it is sharp ; another man seizes the razor to cut 

 a throat; the quality now becomes horrible. Quality becomes good or 

 evil in the purpose for which it is used. But there is no good or evil in 

 the form itself. We do not blame the razor for being sharp, but we blame 

 the intention of the man who uses it for the bad purpose. 



Here is a car going by which has motion; that is a property. The 

 ear is fast; the electric car especially fast if you compare it with a 

 horse car, but if you compare it with a railroad car its motion is slow; 

 it depends upon the point of view whether its motion be fast or slow. 

 Now, fall across the track and see it approach; it seems to come with a 

 horrible velocity. You are in a hurry to go some place and you thiuk 

 the car is slow. The child at play thinks that time is swift; the old 

 man weary with years thinks as he waits idly that the hour is very 

 long. Whether the time is minutes or hours is a property; but whether 

 it shall be long or short in our ideas is a quality. 



In the same manner judgments maybe good or evil; judgments by 

 themselves as properties are correct or incorrect, but as qualities they 

 are good or evil. Now, we have five kinds of properties and five kinds 

 of qualities, and, curiously enough, properties of number develop into 

 qualities of pleasure, properties of form develop into qualities of wel- 

 fare, properties of force or motion develop into qualities of justice or 

 injustice — qualities of conduct. Properties of duration develop into 



