RELATION OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES TO ENVIRONMENT. 631 



for felling - a tree. Goodness and badness are qualities. Again, the 

 handle and blades of the knife have strength and other properties of 

 force 5 but the same properties are also qualities, for the knife is good by 

 reason of these properties for the purpose for which it is intended, but 

 as a lever for rolling a stone it is bad. The knife has duration, wliieli 

 is a property, but it will endure for a longer or shorter time, depending 

 upon the way in which it is used and the manner of its construction. 

 This endurance for a purpose is a quality. Now we see that the handle 

 of the knife has a rounded form with its edges beveled off, and the 

 blade has one sharp edge, which is made so by grinding it; and more 

 than that, the blade will close into the handle or open from the handle. 

 Notice the handle of the knife carefully and you will see many charac- 

 teristics that prove that it was wrought for a purpose; it therefore 

 shows design. It expresses the judgment of the maker who manufac- 

 tured it for a purpose. Thus we see pleasure in the knife in its beauty, 

 welfare in the knife in its use, conduct in the knife when it is used to 

 cut a pencil or cut a throat, wisdom in the knife in the way in which it 

 is made. In all its properties and qualities it expresses these ideas, 

 for it expresses the language of inanimate nature. 



Let us contemplate a beautiful maiden with bright eyes, rosy cheeks, 

 and lithe form. She is one individual; she has two eyes and two 

 cheeks and many organs, and she is of another kind even than a bird. 

 The hairs of her head, the eyes that sparkle, the cheeks that glow, and 

 the lithe ttgure all have forms. She is a body of activities in all her 

 members, and all of these are forces derived from motion. The maiden 

 herself and all her organs have duration; she is a bundle of durations; 

 but every moment of her life she is forming judgments by seeing, hear- 

 ing, touching, tasting, smelling, and through her senses and all her 

 mental powers acquiring knowledge, and her mind is a multiplicity of 

 thoughts. These numbers or kinds, these extensions or forms, these 

 durations or times, and these judgments or ideas are properties, but 

 they may be all transformed into qualities by the mind. All of the 

 multiplicity of properties may be transformed into qualities by the 

 mind in our contemplation. One person would think the eyes beauti- 

 ful, depending on experience, habit, or idea of the beautiful and ugly; 

 another might be impressed by the complexion, according to the opin- 

 ions with which the contemplating mind is endowed. A book might 

 be written on all of these properties and their mutation into qualities. 



The purposes for which men strive are pleasure, welfare, justice, wis- 

 dom, and expression. The activities which they develop for these pur- 

 poses are arts, industries, institutions, learning, and language. In 

 these purposes and activities qualities are involved, and qualities are 

 good or bad by reason of the purposes. Things do not have qualities 

 in themselves, but only as they relate to purposes. 



All men have pleasures, some more, some less; all men have welfare, 

 some more, some less; all men have justice, some more, some less; all 



