632 EELATION OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES TO ENVIRONMENT. 



men have wisdom, some more, some less; all men have expression, 

 some more, some less. If they have no speech of any kind, oral or sign 

 language, or something or other, they have no opinions, they have no 

 knowledge, they do not exercise conduct, they have no welfare, they 

 have no pleasure. Now, then, let us look once more at these qualities. 



I think I have made clear to you the difference between properties 

 and qualities. But let me emphasize it a little more. I go on the 

 street; I see a man rudely push another; I judge of his conduct and I 

 am indignant; but the next moment I see that the man pushed was 

 about to fall into a pit, and the other pushed him aside to save him, 

 and so the quality of the action changes in my mind. Thus it is possi- 

 ble to change instantaneously our judgment of qualities, which always 

 depends on the point of view. Properties are inherent in things them- 

 selves, and you can not change properties without changing the things 

 themselves, but if you change the properties you change the qualities. 

 If there are twenty men at the table and there are twelve apples, and 

 if I change the number to twenty, few becomes plenty, but the plenty 

 for the table is still few for a cargo. Now, all human activities are 

 employed in change of properties of things for the purpose of changing 

 their qualities. Hence, we are interested in the properties of things in 

 order that we may improve their qualities. It is by these activities 

 that men are so broadly differentiated — that there is such a wide gap 

 between the lower animals and man. Man is slightly differentiated 

 from the beast in his physical characteristics; still he is much like the 

 monkey. He is broadly differentiated from the monkey by his intellect, 

 which has been developed through his arts, industries, institutions, 

 opinions, and language. In man there still exists a relic of his animal 

 stage, for there are varieties of men, though not species. Men differ 

 from one another. Some are dwarfs and others are giants, and there 

 seem to be large and small races. Some men have long heads, others 

 short heads, and there seem to be races that are more or less distinctive 

 in the form of their crania. Some men are white, some yellow, and 

 some black; some men have horizontal eyes and others oblique eyes; 

 some men have straight and others curly hair, and yet in their charac- 

 teristics are they varied. But these variations were mainly developed 

 during the animal stage. Since they have become men these physical 

 characteristics have been undergoing a process of obliteration, by rea- 

 son of the admixture of streams of blood. You may find the white 

 man and the black man, but there are many others; there are all 

 grades between them. So you may find long heads and short heads, 

 and there are all grades between them, and there are no hard and fast 

 lines of distinction. Human evolution has wiped out the distinction. 



In the consideration of human evolution primarily and fundamentally 

 we must consider intellectual evolution. It is in vain that we study 

 skulls, it is idle to study the color of the skin, it is folly to study the 

 structure of the hair, it is inane to study the attitude of the eyes, for 



