RELATION OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES TO ENVIRONMENT. 633 



man is more than the animal ; his distinction is discovered in his intel- 

 lect. To study men, therefore, we have to study mind, and to study 

 human evolution we are compelled to study the development of the 

 mind. All other questions, though important in considering man as an 

 animal, are trivial when considering man as distinguished from the lower 

 animal. How shall we study the mind ? By studying the things which 

 the mind produces through the agency of man's physical attributes. 

 We are compelled to study the mind through a study of the pleasures 

 which the mind has discovered and invented, through a study of the 

 industries which mind has discovered and invented, through a study of 

 the institutions which mind has discovered and invented, and through 

 a study of the languages which the mind has discovered and invented. 

 A wise man has said that the proper study of mankind is man, and man, 

 above all other things, is mind; the proper study of mankind, then, is 

 mind as it is exhibited in the five great classes of activities. 



Let us once more consider these activities of culture. Animal pleas- 

 ures are chiefly physical, though they would Lave no existence were the 

 animals destitute of mind. They live to eat and drink, and they love 

 the sports in which they engage. The activities of animals that depend 

 upon flight for existence are changed into sports, and so lambs skip, so 

 the kittens play at catching mice, so puppies play in mimic battles, so 

 children play in imitation of their elders. The skipping of the child 

 becomes an organized dance; the flight of the child becomes an organized 

 race; the battle of the child becomes a game of ball; but these sim- 

 ple, childish pleasures develop into a vast system of pleasures. Man 

 enhances his pleasures of food by the invention of condiments, his 

 pleasures in the objects by which he is surrounded by the development 

 of decoration, and the pleasures he takes in his daily life by the develop- 

 ment of comforts, for he invents a chair upon which he sits, and a bed 

 upon which he lies. His pleasures are still further evolved into the 

 fine arts of music, sculpture, painting, poetry, dramatic representation? 

 story, and religion. This is human evolution as distinct from animal 

 evolution. 



The industries of animals are employed in seeking and seizing food, 

 in locomotion while passing from one environment to another to obtain 

 food, shelter, and climate. But man soon learns to seek sustenance by 

 cultivating food; to some extent he still seizes the natural food on the 

 land, in the water, and in the air as an animal; but as man, he develops 

 new sources of food by cultivating the soil and by domesticating ani- 

 mals, and thus results a multitude of food products. Instead of seek- 

 ing the cave, or retiring to the deep water, or flying to a more genial 

 climate when the seasons change, he invents a habitation and a vast 

 multitude of utensils for his home and implements for his labor, and 

 thus creates a supply which he does not find in nature. All this is a 

 development of intellect and a modification of environment. 



The animals control one another and engage in attack and defense, 



