RELATION OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES TO ENVIRONMENT. 635 



in which others cooperate and share. The game of " ring around a 

 rosy" is a game for many; the game of ball is a game for many. In 

 the pleasure of all decorations the many take part. In the hue arts, 

 music is music for many, sculpture is sculpture for many, painting is 

 painting for many, poetry is poetry for many, histrionic art is play for 

 many, story is story for many, religion is worship for many. These are 

 all for one, but at some time they are all for many. The one in the 

 family develops through the agency of every member of the family, the 

 one in the tribe develops in all of these activities through the agency 

 of the whole tribe, the one in the state develops through the agency of 

 the state, the one in the world develops through the agency of the 

 whole social world; so culture passes from parent to child, and from 

 child to child, and from tribe to tribe, and from nation to nation, 

 spreading throughout the world. All culture has a personal factor, but 

 it is only one of its factors which are multitudes in family, tribe, nation, 

 and world. The development of mind by social environment can be 

 illustrated by all of the activities of culture. Arts spread from land 

 to land and modify one another, industries spread from land to land 

 and modify one another, opinions spread from land to land and modify 

 one another, and, finally, languages spread from land to land and mod- 

 ify one another. The way in which this is accomplished can be well 

 illustrated by a consideration of languages, and the whole subject can 

 thus be made plain. 



There are many languages yet spoken in the world, but it is probable 

 that a far greater number have been lost. It seems that man, in evolv- 

 ing from the animal state into the human state, developed a language 

 within every little kinship tribe. As time went on primordial kinship 

 groups were consolidated into larger and still larger tribes and finally 

 into nations. With this change came a change in language; two pri- 

 mordial groups of primitive tribes uniting to form one compounded their 

 languages. In the same manner any number of tribes might combine and 

 their languages compound. This process resulted in the integration or 

 unification of languages. When the united people separated, and one 

 portion or the other migrated, gradually both of these divisions would 

 associate with and become organized into tribes with other tribes speak- 

 ing other languages. In this manner two distinct languages might be 

 formed differing more or less from one another, because each great tribe 

 was constituted of differing primordial tribal elements. Now, this 

 would result in two languages only in part alike. 



In time tribes come together and in time tribes separate; nations 

 come together and nations separate, and the process of admixture of 

 streams of blood results in an admixture of languages, so that at the 

 present time in the study of one language we always discover two 

 or more primeval languages, and the greater the culture the greater 

 the number of primeval languages of which the given language is com- 

 pounded. The Zuhi compose a little tribe in Arizona, only a few 



