INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT UPON HUMAN INDUSTRIES. 643 



motions produced by the sun's force becomes visible in the rising 

 vapors 5 the motions of the air in the movements of the clouds; the 

 secret motions of the snow and rain, the dew and the frost in the 

 downward movement of the lands; the unseen movements of the land 

 appear in the families, genera, and species of animals; finally, the dis- 

 tribution of these reveal themselves in ways not known to us in the 

 specific cultures of mankind belonging to the areas where they arose. 



Do you not see that the total result of these natural activities gives 

 us a world that almost mimics a thoughtful being, with something to 

 bestow, many things to suggest, power unlimited to lend, and, mark 

 me, an intelligent discrimination of rewards aud punishments whose 

 effect has been to glorify the good and to destroy the unfit. 



I do not say that the world is alive and thoughtful, that its provinces 

 or areas of separate environmental characterizations are each governed 

 by a viceroy, but the law of the ingenious mind of man working in 

 these makes it appear so. His subjective activity is projected upon 

 the background of the earth, until it is quite certain that he is in coop- 

 eration with the power that governs it. It is not yet decided how far 

 this force obtrudes itself upon his will, since it is certain that his con- 

 servatism impels him to certain activities against the environment. 



KINDS OF ACTIVITIES. 



There are six kinds of human industrial arts as regards the environ- 

 ment, to wit: 



(1) Taking the gifts of nature: Man is then a quarryman or miner, 

 a gleaner, a fisherman, a hunter, and later a domesticator. 



(2) Changing the form of natural objects: Man is then a manufac- 

 turer, mechanic, artisan, an inventor of tools and machines. 



(3) Changing the place or position of himself and of things: Man is 

 then a traveler, a carrier, an engineer, a subduer of force. 



(4) Intelligent accounting for things and measuring: Man is then a 

 statistician, a. measurer, surveyor, gauger, weigher, a maker of clocks 

 and almanacs, a scientific explorer. 



(5) The exchanging of the fruits of labor, commerce, business, 

 money : Man becomes a merchant. 



(6) The arts of enjoyment: Man becomes a user of food, houses, fur- 

 niture, utensils, equipage, fine art in all its branches. 



It is certain that we are brought into relation with nature or envi- 

 ronment in and by all of these. Indeed, it is due to the great diversity 

 of environments that they are all possible. If you will run your eye 

 along the perspective of human history, you will see cultures running 

 into one another like the streams of a river or the lines of a great struc- 

 ture. Each culture was developed in a special environment. The 

 union of two environments eventuates in the union of two cultures, 

 widening both. 



