INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT UPON HUMAN INDUSTRIES. 647 



the whole result of our inquiry. This elaboration may be tabulated to 

 any degree of minuteness, but for the present we must be satisfied 

 with — 



(1) Climate and physiography; 



(2) Predominant minerals, vegetables, animals; 



(3) Foods, drinks, nareotics, stimulants, medicines; 



(4) Clothing and adornment of the body; 



(5) House, fire, furniture, utensils; 



(6) Arts in stone, clay, plants, animal tissues; 



(7) Implements and utensils of fishing, hunting, and war; 



(8) Locomotion. 



ENVIRONMENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS. 



The Arctic environment, according to the eight classes of character- 

 istics laid down, may be thus defined as having — 



(1) Intensely cold climate, six months day and six months night, 

 abundance of ice and snow, no vertical zones, much water line and level 

 coast. 



(2) Chert, slate, soapstone, pectolite; driftwood, wreckage, no timber, 

 berries; aquatic invertebrates, mammals and birds, reindeer, land car- 

 nivores, and rodents. 



(3) Little vegetable diet, meat of fish, birds, aquatic mammals, and 

 deer; pipe and snuff introduced. 



(4) Dress of furs, birdskins and intestines, labrets and tattooing. 



(5) Underground houses or igloos, snow house, stone lamp-stove, 

 steamed wood for dishes. 



(6) Chipping, sawing, boring, grinding, and carving stone; carving 

 bone, antler and ivory; a little pottery at Bristol Bay; textile in bas- 

 ketry, sinew twining and braiding, tailoring in skins ; ingenious weapon 

 makers. 



(7) Hunting implements, harpoons, bird darts, fish darts, lances, fish- 

 hooks, nets, composite bows and arrows. 



(8) For travel, poor snowshoes, ice creepers, sleds, kaiaks, umiaks. 

 The Athapascan environment has the following characteristics: 



(1) The drainage of the Yukon and the Mackenzie and the barren 

 ground southward to British Columbia. 



(2) Poor in the industrial minerals; birch, conifers, and poplars; 

 fish, birds, caribou, bear, and fur animals in profusion. 



(3) Fish, meat, berries, cooked by boiling with hot stones or roasted. 



(4) Deerskin clothing, with or without fur, bonnet, shirt, pantaloons, 

 moccasins; much ornamented; no tattooing. 



(5) Bark lodge, movable; bark and basketry dishes; fur bedding; 

 open fire. 



(6) Manufacture of hunting implements, basketry, bark work; excel- 

 lent skin working; no pottery. 



(7) Plain bows, arrows with bone heads, lances, fishing nets and 

 hooks, gigs. 



