648 INFLUENCE OP ENVIRONMENT UPON HUMAN INDUSTRIES. 



(8) Snowshoes of finest webbing, sleds, bark canoes. 



The Algonquin-Iroquois characteristics of environment are: 



(1) Climate temperate to subarctic; wide expanse of lowland; exten- 

 sive inland waters and indented Atlantic coast. 



(2) Materials for industry, quartzite, diorite, sandstone, etc., for chip- 

 ping-, battering, and polishing, and mines of jasper, copper, and steatite; 

 hard wood, birch, conifers, wild rice; game birds and mammals, fish, 

 mollusks. 



(3) Dietary of great variety in the animal products of land, fresh 

 water, and salt water; maize, pumpkins, beans, natural fruits; boiling 

 with stones or in pots, roasting; tobacco pipe. 



(4) Shirt, breech clout, leggings, moccasins of tawed skin, in winter 

 fur clothing; body frequently exposed in the southern part of the area. 



(5) Dwellings of bark lodges, skin lodges, bark and skin long houses 

 or arbors, communal barracks, village camps; fires in center; little 

 furniture; extensive use of mats woven or sewed together, and skin 

 robes. In this area there are the largest number of geometric earth- 

 works, fortifications, mounds, aud shell heaps. 



(6) The arts were not of high order; they included chipped, battered, 

 and polished stone; poor, red pottery; bark, dugout, and wicker ves- 

 sels; quill work; tawed skin, sinew, and thong or babiche work; 

 mortar grinding. 



(7) The weapons of war and capture were clubs, stone knives, lances, 

 plain bow and stone-pointed arrows, barbed spears, fish pounds, traps, 

 hooks, gigs, scalps were taken. 



(8) They traveled afoot, along well-known trails, on snowshoes in 

 Canada; on the water in birch canoes or in dugouts; portages. 



The Muskhogean area includes the Southern States of the Union 

 below the northern boundary of Carolina. In it were other tribes and 

 parts of Northern families, but the area dominated the activities of all. 



(1) Low mountains, rich river valleys, abundant rain, ocean and 

 gulf coast, climate temperate to subtropical. 



(2) River gravels, and mines of flint, mica, and copper; abundant 

 timber, cane, tobacco, and natural fruits; deer, turkeys and other 

 birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates in profusion. 



(3) Food of maize, melons, pulse, fruits, the products of the chase, 

 and the rich harvest of the waters; roasting, pot boiling, baking in hot 

 ashes, smoked and fire-dried food. 



(4) The dress of this area was partly of tawed skins, little clothing- 

 was worn, in fact. The caves reveal capes and petticoats of bast and 

 native hemp, woven and fringed. Feather work, shell beadwork, and 

 pearls were used in profusion. 



(5) They lived in small huts and grass lodges and in wattled houses 

 daubed with mud. These were collected in fortified villages. The 

 furniture was of cane and matting, vessels of clay and diagonal bas- 

 ketry; open fire. Here abound geometric mounds and earthworks, 

 shell heaps, and shell mounds. 



