INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT UPON HUMAN INDUSTRIES. 649 



(6) The arts were chipping, pecking, and polishing stone; pottery 

 making of a distinct school; twined and plaited textiles of cane and 

 native hemp; feather working; grinding in log mortars. 



(7) The weapons of capture and war were plain bows, reed arrows, 

 reed knives, stone tomahawks, lances with stone points, clubs for 

 braining. 



(8) Traveling on foot, and packing; on water were used canoes 

 hollowed from the soft poplar and gum trees, which are abundant. 



The plains of the Great West have constituted a definite culture area 

 characterized by — 



(1) A piedmont sloping down to the immense prairies of the Missouri, 

 the Platte, and the Arkansas; temperate climate. 



(2) Few good industrial minerals and those prized and guarded by 

 intertribal agreements; plants restricted to small trees for tent poles, 

 arms and cradles, apocynum for textiles; buffalo overwhelmingly. 



(3) The dietary was meat flavored and supplemented with berries; 

 kinnikinic; no farming. 



(I) Skin clothing in excess, hood, shirt, clout, leggings, moccasins, 

 robes; paint the body. 



(5) Skin lodges in circles; earth lodges like those south; furniture of 

 hides, fur, and intestines; dung for fuel; jerked meat; stone boiling in 

 small pits lined with rawhide; roasting. 



(G) Stone chipping, pecking, carving, and polishing a little; skin 

 dressing, tailoring, embroidery in quill, spinning flax without spindle 

 occupied the entire time of the women. The men were hunters preemi- 

 nently. 



(7) The weapons of capture and of war were compound, sinew-backed, 

 and self-bows, and stone pointed arrows, stone tomahawks and casse- 

 tetes, clubs armed with jagged blades, lances. 



(8) Travel was on foot and the dog was a beast of burden; for 

 crossing rivers the bull boat or buffalo-hide coracle was ever at hand. 



The North Pacific area extends from Mount St. Elias to the Straits of 

 Fuca, embracing Tlingit (Koloschau), Haida (Skittagetan), Tsimshian, 

 and Nutka, or Wakashan, tribes. Its characteristics are: 



(1) Moist, temperate climate; archipelagic and mountainous coast. 



(2) Its material resources are slate and granular rocks, immense for- 

 ests of conifers, sea fauna inexhaustible by savages, herring, salmon, 

 halibut, oolachon, mollusks of great size. 



(3) Fish diet, mixed with fruits; no grain; snuff and tobacco; stone 

 boiling and roasting. 



(4) Woven clothing of goat, sheep, and dog hair and cedar bark; 

 labrets and tattooing. 



(5) Their dwellings were communal barracks, with totem posts; cen- 

 tral fires; furniture and utensils of stone, wood dugout, woven bark, 

 and exquisite twined and checker basketry. 



(6) Their arts were stone carving by battering and scraping, no 

 chipping; wood carving, twined and plain weaving; no pottery. 



