INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT UPON HUMAN INDUSTRIES. 651 



(6) Chipping stone, good skin dressers, basketry in twined ware, 

 rough and coarse by reason of the material; excellent gleaners and 

 millers. 



(7) Their weapons are sinew-backed bows, short, stone-pointed 

 arrows, clubs, and land nets. 



(8) Traveling on foot, no artificial .appliances for land or water; 

 carrying in conical baskets by means of headband. 



The Californian-Oregon area embraces a part of Oregon and all of 

 California, except the southeastern third. Its characteristics are,: 



(1) A series of short and isolated valleys, descending to the ocean, 

 and without harbors, or to San Francisco Bay. Though there are 

 mountains, there are no vertical zones of culture. The climate is 

 vigorous and salubrious. The isolation is obtrusively shown in the 

 fact that here twenty-six linguistic families were packed. 



(2) Materials for arts were siliceous stones for chipping, superb; no 

 fictile clay; fibers, fruits, and woods excellent; fish and game plentiful. 



(3) Diet of acorns, seeds, fish, birds, and mammals. Cooking with 

 hot stones in mush and in pits; open roastry; tubular pipes. 



(4) Dressof buckskin, rabbitskin, and grass fringes, scanty; tattooing. 



(5) Insignificant shelters, varied, partly below ground; granary 

 baskets; shell heaps. 



(G) Stone chipping admirable; stone and basketry mortars ; basketry 

 of every type in seven distinct species of weaving; flax twine. 



(7) Weapons, neatly made sinew-backed bows and elegant arrows in 

 many styles, with most delicate stone points; fish spears, retrieving 

 arrows, fish and animal traps. 



(8) Poor boats; rafts and balsas in the south; snowshoes rare and 

 rude; conical baskets and carrying bands. 



The Pueblo culture area includes New Mexico and Arizona, with 

 extensions into Utah, southern California, and northern Mexico. Its 

 characteristics are: 



(1) Arid, hot climate, elevated mesas, canyons, irrigable valleys, 

 mountains. 



(2) Materials of industry, shales, clays, turquoise, volcanic rocks; 

 mesquite, oak, cottonwood, yucca, basket shrubs, cultivated foods, 

 and fruits; deer, rabbits, goat, mountain lion, coyote. 



(3) Maize, pulse, melons; little meat until the introduction of sheep; 

 griddle cakes, mush, and pottage; cigarettes. 



(4) The clothing is somewhat scant, for a long time of buckskin and 

 woven fabrics, formerly rabbit-skin robes, feather robes, weaving in 

 apocynum and agave fiber, paints, no tattooing. 



(5) Pueblos, either underground, crater, cave, cavate, cliff, mesa, or 

 lowland; towers. 



(6) Chipping, polishing, and boring stone; smooth and painted pot- 

 tery in great profusion; mythological in motive; basketry in wicker, 

 diagonal, twined, and coiled ware; weaving in frames and with grating 

 harness, in plain and diaper; wrapped ornamentation; bone and horn 

 work rude; mealing stones in sets; sand painting, irrigation. 



