370 LUDWIG AND MODERN PHYSIOLOGY. 



II. LUDWIG AS INVESTIGATOR AND TEACHER. 



The uneventful history of Ludwig's life — how early he began his 

 investigation of the anatomy and function of the kidneys; how he 

 became just fifty years ago titular professor at Marburg, in the small 

 university of his native State, Hesse Cassel; how in 1849 he removed 

 to Zurich as actual professor and thereupon married ; how he was six 

 years later promoted to Vienna — has already been admirably related 

 in these pages by Dr. Stirling. In 1865, after twenty years of profes- 

 sorial experience, but still in the prime of life and, as it turned out, 

 with thirty years of activity still before him, he accepted the chair of 

 physiology at Leipzig. His invitation to that great university was by 

 far the most important occurrence in his life, for the liberality of the 

 Saxon Government, and particularly the energetic support which he 

 received from the enlightened Minister Von Falkenstein, enabled him to 

 accomplish for physiology what bad never before been attempted on an 

 adequate scale. No sooner had he been appointed than he set himself to 

 create — whatwas essential to the progress of the science — agreatobserv- 

 atory, arranged not as a museum, but much more like a physical and 

 chemical laboratory, provided with all that was needed for the applica- 

 tion of exact methods of research to the investigation of the processes 

 of life. The idea which he had ever in view, and which he carried into 

 effect during the last thirty years of his life with signal success, was 

 to unite his life work as an investigator with the highest kind of teach- 

 ing. Even at Marburg and at Zurich he had began to form a school; 

 for already men nearly of his own age had rallied round him. Attracted 

 in the first instance by his early discoveries, they were held by the 

 force of his character, and became permanently associated with him in 

 his work as his loyal friends and followers — in the highest sense his 

 scholars. If, therefore, we speak of Ludwig as one of the greatest 

 teachers of science the world has seen, we have in mind his relation 

 to the men who ranged themselves under his leadership in the build- 

 ing up of the science of physiology, without reference to his function 

 as an ordinary academical teacher. 



Of this relation we can best judge by the careful perusal of the num- 

 erous biographical memoirs which have appeared since his death, more 

 particularly those of Professor His 1 (Leipzig), of Professor Kronecker 2 

 (Bern), who was for many years his coadjutor in the institute, of Pro- 

 fessor Von Fick 3 (Wurzburg), of Professor Von Kries 4 (Freiburg), of 

 Professor Mosso 5 (Turin), of Professor Fano 6 (Florence), of Professor 



1 His. Karl Ludwig unci Karl Thiersch. Akademische Gedachtnissrede, Leipzig, 

 1895. 



2 Krouecker. Carl Friederich Wilhelni Ludwig. Berliner klin. Wochensch., 1895, 

 No. 21. 



;! A. Fick. Karl Ludwig. Nackruf. Biographische Bliitter, Berlin, Vol. I, pt. 3. 



1 Von Kries. Carl Ludwig. Freiburg, Bd. I., 1895. 



5 Mosso. Karl Ludwig. Die Nation, Berlin, Nos. 3K, 39. 



'Fano. Per Carlo Ludwig Commemorazione. Clinica Moderna, Florence, I, No. 7. 



