LUDWIG AND MODERN PHYSIOLOGY. 371 



Tigerstedt 1 (Upsala), of Professor Stirling 2 in England. With the 

 exception of Pick, whose relations with Ludwig were of an earlier date, 

 and of his colleague in the chair of anatomy, all of these distinguished 

 teachers were at one time workers in the Leipzig Institute. All testify 

 their love and veneration for the master, and each contributes some 

 striking touches to the picture of his character. 



All Ludwig's investigations were carried out with his scholars. He 

 possessed a wonderful faculty of setting each man to work at a problem 

 suited to his talent and previous training, and this he carried into effect 

 by associating him with himself in some research which he had either in 

 progress or in view. During the early years of the Leipzig period all 

 the work done under his direction was published in the well known 

 volumes of the Arbeiten, and subsequently in the Archivfiir Anatomie 

 und Physiologie of Du Bois-Keymond. Each "Arbeit" of the labora- 

 tory appeared in print under the name of the scholar who operated 

 with his master in its production, but the scholar's part in the work 

 done varied according to its nature and his ability. Sometimes, as Von 

 Kries says, he sat on the window sill, while Ludwig, with the efficient 

 help of his laboratory assistant, Salvenmoser, did the whole of the work. 

 In all cases Ludwig not only formulated the problem. but indicated the 

 course to be followed in each step of the investigation, calling the 

 worker of course into counsel. In the final working up of the results 

 he always took a principal part, and often wrote the whole paper. But 

 whether he did little or much, he handed over the whole credit of the 

 performance to his coadjutor. This method of publication has no doubt 

 the disadvantage that it leaves it uncertain what part each had taken; 

 but it is to be remembered that this drawback is unavoidable whenever 

 master and scholar work together, and is outweighed by the many 

 advantages which arise from this mode of cooperation. The instances 

 in which any uncertainty can exist in relation to the real authorship 

 of the Leipzig work are exceptional. The well-informed reader does 

 not need to be told that Mosso or Schmidt, Brunton or Gaskell, Stirling 

 or Wooldridge were the authors of their papers in a sense very different 

 from that in which the term could be applied to some others of Lud- 

 wig's pupils. On the whole, the plan must be judged of by the results. 

 It was by working with his scholars that Ludwig trained them to work 

 afterwards by themselves, and thereby accomplish so much more than 

 other great teachers have done. 



I do not think that any of Ludwig's contemporaries could be com- 

 pared to him in respect of the wide range of his researches. In a 

 science distinguished from others by the variety of its aims, he was 

 equally at home in all branches, and was equally master of all methods, 

 for he recognized that the most profound biological question can only 

 be solved by combining anatomical, physical, and chemical inquiries. 

 It was this consideration which led him in planning the Leipzig Iusti- 



i 



1 Tigerstedt. Karl Ludwig. Denkrede. Biographische Blatter, Berlin, Vol. I, pt. 3. 



2 Stirling. Science Progress, Vol. IV, No. 21. 



