PUEBLO RUINS NEAR WINSLOW, ARIZONA. 521 



area were of stone and clay; stone was used in the upper part of the 

 river and its tributaries, and pressed clay in the great plains of the 

 lower Gila-Salado. The ruins of the Yerde Valley, the natural pathway 

 between these two regions, are of stone. I have elsewhere claimed that 

 the character of aboriginal pueblo buildings in our Southwest is deter- 

 mined by the geological environment. It would give strength to the 

 argument could we find instances where the same people who in rocky 

 places built homes of stone constructed clay houses in plains where 

 stone failed. Between Ilomolobi and modern Tusayan, following the 

 Little Colorado, the river winds through level plains where stones for 

 building material fail, the nearest rocks being several miles from the 

 river banks. Following the right bauk of the stream for some distance 

 on my way from Homolobi to Tusayan, we narrowly scanned every 

 evidence of former aboriginal occupation for evidences of ruiued build- 

 ings of adobe. At several points there were mounds of ancient pueblos 

 in which no stone was used in the construction of the Avails, although 

 they were thickly strewn with fragments of pottery. It will probably 

 be found that there were several small adobe pueblos along the banks 

 of the Colorado between Homolobi and the Crossing, wherever the 

 valley broadens into a plain. 



With this general sketch of the scope of my work, let us pass to a 

 special consideration of the four ruins, Homolobi, Cakwabaiyaki, Tciib 

 kwitcalobi, 1 aud Old Cunopavi, which were studied by my party. The 

 first three are far south of the Moki Preservation, although ancestrally 

 situated in Tusayan. Poughly speaking, the pueblo at Chaves Pass 

 was about halfway between Ihe Moki town, Walpi, and the great 

 buildings near Teinpe and Plneuix. The distance of the Chevlon ruin 

 from Zuiii is about the same as from Walpi. 



HOMOLOBI. 



There are no less than four extensive ruins within 6 miles of Winslow, 

 Arizona, near to or remote from the banks of the Little Colorado. All 

 of these are claimed by the Hopi as dwelling places of their ancestors. 

 The nearest, and that especially studied, is 3 miles away and was a 

 pueblo of considerable size, situated on the plain of the right bank of 

 the river, which has in freshets overflowed its banks and washed away 

 a portion of the walls. It is separated from the present right bank of 

 the stream by a level river bottom, in which now grow stunted cotton- 

 woods and other trees. 



The mounds of this ruin exhibited no evidences, when we began work, 

 of rooms above ground, although I was told that iu comparatively recent 

 times it had walls rising to a considerable height, and that the Mormons, 



■The names chosen to designate the ruins at the Chevlon and Chaves Pass are of 

 Hopi etymology, hut not necessarily tbe only ones applied by them to these ancient 

 pueblos. Cakwabaiya is a name applied to Chevlon Creek, and Tcubkwitcala, Ante- 

 lope Notch, to Chaves Pass. 



