BOWS AND ARROWS IN CENTRAL BRAZIL. 561 



the bows of the Sokleug of southeastern Brazil. (PI. LVII, fig. 7.) That 

 different ways of bending the bow are customary close together in the 

 same stock is not to be admitted; it is more likely that bows whose 

 exact origin is not fixed might have been scattered by the lively barter 

 on the Shingu. 



The arrows appear to have less dispersion as trade objects, which 

 again has its explanation in the fact that the arrow is esteemed as a 

 characteristic of a tribe, and for that reason is less communicable to 

 another tribe. Therefore we see among the most southern tribes — Bac- 

 cairi, Xahuqua, and Aueto — no arrow with Cambayuva reed shaft; for, 

 as is known from the tribal history of the Baccairi, these are made of Uba 

 reed, a characteristic also of the Baccairi. This reed, in order that the 

 natives may not be compelled to get it from far away, is planted in 

 great patches in the river Batovy. (Yon den Steiueu, op. cit., p. .510.) 

 The northern tribes, on the contrary, have substituted for the Uba 

 reed at times the Cambayuva reed, which, among the Yuruna, furnishes 

 the only material ou that side of the rapids. The use of the Camba- 

 yuva reed, which predominates on the Tapajoz and the Araguay, 

 appears, from the latest information, to have arrived first upon the 

 Shingu ; at least other peculiarities permit the conjecture of an intiuence 

 from the East. 



Different kinds of points are to be found among nearly all the tribes 

 of the Shingu. The simplest is a smooth-pointed piece of wood driven 

 into the end of the reed shaft. This form is common to all stocks, as is 

 one with a middle piece (foreshaft) fastened on with pitch and pointed 

 with the beveled humerus bone of a monkey. (PI. LVII, fig. 8). 

 Finally there is found, as will be seen also among the Bororo and Guato, 

 the style that belongs to the East Brazilian group. A point with a 

 barb or hook, effected by means of a double-pointed piece of bone laid 

 in the hollow outer end of the fore shaft (compare PI. LIX, fig. 0), 

 wrapped with thread and pitched, is used among the Caraja on the 

 Araguay, as well as in Western Brazil and Guiana. It is found among 

 the Aueto, Kamayura, and Truinai. On one side of the smooth wooden 

 point of the Baccairi and the Nahuqua arrow 10 cm. long a barb is 

 provided, by wrapping a little tooth or jaw spine of the ant bear. 

 (PI. LVII, fig. 14.) This practice is also a peculiarity of the Caraja. 

 The use of the spine of the ray is also in vogue here. (Compare PI. 

 LIX, rig. 13.) Von den Steiuen denies that the Shingu tribes, except- 

 ing the Yuruna, used the barbed wooden point; yet there is in his 

 collection a specimen from the Kamayura (PI. LVII, fig. 12), which 

 exhibits exactly this type of the Shingu arrow. This point, moreover, 

 which is found abundantly on the Gez arrows, must have come from 

 the east. The Suya and the Truinai use in war and in chasing the 

 jaguar arrows with long bamboo knives bound to the end of the 

 wooden fore shaft, which are manufactured on the Shingu only by these 

 tribes (PI. LVII, fig. 2). Of this pattern, moreover, there is found an 

 example among the Kamayura. The Baccairi collection contains also 

 sm % 3«i 



