BOWS AND ARROWS IN CENTRAL BRAZIL. 573 



Whether all the different varieties of points also exist among them is 

 not known. There have been examined arrows with knife-blade points 

 of bamboo (PI. LIX, fig. 14), those with double-pointed bone tip (PI. 

 LIX, fig. 6), laid on diagonally at the fore end, arrows with smooth 

 wooden points, and finally those out from a single pieee of Cambayura 

 reed. Still the Ohavantes may possess for war also an arrow with 

 toothed points of wood. (Pohl, Reise in Brasilien, vol. ii, p. 30.) 



The bows of the Orahaos are somewhat different, since the belly has 

 a flat, guttered excavation, and only one end is cut to a point, while the 

 other end is blunt. 



The Aruma arrow, already mentioned, is likewise of Caraja type, but 

 the characteristic toothed point of the Ges stock is here found. (PI. 

 LVII, fig. 12.) 



It remains now only to mention the bows and arrows of the Cayapo, 

 in the Xatterer collection, from the region about the sources of the 

 Araguay, in the eastern Matto Grosso. They occupy ethnographically 

 a middle position between the Shingu and East group and the tribes 

 settled on the south of the Mato Grosso. The peculiar bow of the 

 Cayapo (PI. LIX, fig. 16) is, in spite of its apparent isolated position, 

 to be relegated to the East Brazilian type. Here also the cross section 

 is fixed by the nature of the material. While the remaining part of the 

 bow is nearly straight, its pointed ends, about 10 cm. long, are bent 

 inward at an angle of 120 degrees. In order to give a sufficient excur- 

 sion to the bowstring of twisted vegetable fiber, a ball of cotton is 

 wound about the bow at the inner part of the nock. The bowstring is 

 knotted on one end and ends with a sling at the other end of the bow. 

 In a wide spiral winding the rest of the string is then carried back, as 

 in the Caraja bow, and caught under compact bands of wrapping about 

 10 cm. in width.' The arrows give evidence in the sewed feathering, as 

 already remarked by Yon den Steinen (op. cit., pp. 151, 153) of a long- 

 enduring friendly relation with the tribes of the Shingu, especially the 

 Xahuqua and the Cayapo, which has proceeded as far as the Parana- 

 tinga — indeed, perhaps, as far as the Eonuro. Associated with the 

 sewed feathering and the rounder nock, the predominant Ges character 

 of the arrow is also striking. There are found here the Cambayuva 

 shaft made fast to the point by means of a wide wrapping of Cipo ; also 

 the long, unilaterally toothed wooden point (PL LVII, fig. 12) and the 

 so-called Caraja bamboo point. The winding of the point to the shaft 

 with wrapping of thread is here rude and meager, so that the fore shaft 

 is seen through. (PI. LIX, fig. 17). A strengthening of the shaft by 

 partial wrapping of the Cipo is seen on the Cayapo arrows and those 

 of the Bororo. 



The tribes of the southern Mato Grosso are to be studied in common, 

 although they exhibit great ethnographic differences and, as the chart 

 teaches, are to be ranged partly with the West Peruvian group and 

 partly with the East Brazilian group. They belong to the Paraguay 



