442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890, 



this is gradually extended until a more or less broad band surrounds 

 the mouth and perhaps extends in a tapering curve on both cheeks 

 toward the ears. The arms also are tattooed in various patterns. 

 The tattoo marks are made by cross-hatching the skin with knives, 

 which they get from the Japanese. Into the cuts thus made the soot 

 of burning birch (Icaba) bark is rubbed, which is collected on the bot- 

 tom of a dish held over the fire. The color of the marks thus made is 

 distinctly bluish, and for this reason it does not show so conspicuously 

 in photographs as it appears to the eye. The width and extent of the 

 tattoo marks, as well as the depth of the color, is different in various 

 parts of Yezo. In the north it is a narrow band on both lips, not very 

 conspicuous, as shown in the picture of two young women of Tokoro, 

 Plate xcn. At Ohotsu, on the southeast coast, the bauds are wider, 

 but not much extended on either side of the mouth, and the color is 

 almost black. This pattern is seen also about Urap (Pis. xc and 

 xcnl.) In other localities the baud is very broad and well extended 

 towards the ears, as shown in Plate xciv, but in this case the color is 

 in wavy lines and not deep. 



On the road from Tamakomai to Sapporo I met two women with ver- 

 tical tattoo marks on the forehead between the eyes. This observation 

 was only casual and therefore not entirely satisfactory, for I supposed 

 it would be possible to further verify it by visiting some of the villages 

 in that region. This I was unable to do. But the practice of tattooiug 

 the forehead has been noted by other observers. Mr. Batchelor has 

 casually mentioned that the Aino women " in some cases tattoo their 

 foreheads." This, as well as an allusion to the fact by Dr. Scheube, 

 confirms my own observation. Prof. H. E. Stockbridge, with whom I 

 have since spoken on the subject, informs me that he has frequently 

 noticed this form of tattooing, and that it seems to be most common 

 along the west coast. 



The tattoo marks on the arm are best shown in Plate xcv, which 

 represents an old woman of Tokoro. The patterns vary greatly in 

 different cases, but they all have the same general character of alter- 

 nating horizontal lines and crossed lines. 



The origin and significance of tattooing among the Ainos is obscure. 

 It seems to be merely an inherited custom without any recognized 

 object. 



STAGE OF CULTURE. 



Probably few who read these lines have ever seen the lower stages 

 of human savagery and barbarism, still less have they an adequate 

 conception of the physical and moral condition, or of the manner of 

 life, which characterizes the lower types of human existence. The 

 American Indian is a picturesque character as we think of him roam- 

 ing over plains and through forests, hunting the buffalo and other wild 

 animals, sleeping peacefully in his wigwam, aud enjoying the fruits of 

 a luxuriant soil. But come nearer, and we find that the hunt is for 



