494 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 



Ohiyo cloth. — Woven of the bark of the ohiyo or mountain elm, Ulmus montana, with 

 stripes of blue and bright colored cotton. A very strong durable cloth which 

 has been in universal use by the Ainos, but which is now being replaced by the 

 more comfortable Japanese cotton fabrics. Width, 13 inches. Ainos of Yczo, 

 1S88. 150665 



Zoom. — With warp of elm bark and a small piece of cloth woven, showing the reed, 

 shuttle, beater, etc. Weaving is usually done by the women, who sit on the 

 floor and stretch the warp from the beams of the house. (See Fig. 82.) A 

 similar loom arranged for use is shown in the section of textiles. Ainos of Yezo, 

 1885. 150666 



Ohiyo belt. — Belt woven of elm bark on a small loom made for the purpose. Used 

 as a belt outside the coat. Length, 8 feet ; width, 1 inch. Ainos of Shari, Yczo, 

 1888. 150667 



Bark water bucket and dipper. — Made of birch bark. Used for holding water. (See 

 Fig. 73.) Ainos of Yezo, 18-8. 150668 



Bark basket. — Made of ohiyo bark with handle of the same bark twisted. Ainos of 

 Piratori, Yezo, 1888. 150669 



Wooden ladle. — " Kasup." A large ladle used for dipping food from the kettle. Ainos 

 of Piratori, Yezo, 1858. 150670 



Ohiyo belt. — Made of the ohiyo or elm bark, with stripes of colored cotton. Ainos of 

 Yezo, 1888. 150671 



Conical bark bag. — Made of the bark of the linden tree. Ainos of Piratori, Yezo, 

 1888. 150672 



Bark dish for fish. — Very rudely made by binding the bark into the form of a deep 

 dish and tying the ends with bark rope between short sticks to preserve the 

 shape. Ainos of Piratori, Yezo, 1888. 150673 



Bark dipper. — Made of birch bark, with a wooden handle. Ainos of Piratori, Yezo, 

 1888. 150674 



Spear.— A two-pronged spear used for spearing seals or large fish, salmon, etc. The 

 two points of sheet iron, sharpened, are set in barb-shaped pieces of hard wood, 

 which fit loosely over the ends of the prongs of the shaft, and are held in place 

 by the tension of the bark rope, to which they are securely attached. When tbe 

 ' weapon strikes the barbs enter the flesh and become detached from the shaft, but 

 they are securely held by the line until the animal is killed or exhausted. The 

 points are sometimes poisoned. (See Fig. 85.) Ainos of Abashira, Yezo, 1888. 

 Length of shaft 15 feet. 150675 



Small bag. — Made of the rush Scirpus, with a cord to swing over the shoulder. Ainos 

 of Yezo, 18-8. 150676 



Ohiyo bark. — The bark of the mountain elm, Ulmus montana, used principally for 

 making cloth for clothing. The specimens show how the bark readily splits into 

 numerous thin, broad baudsor layers, from which long, narrow threads for weav- 

 ing are drawn, tied end to end, and wound into balls like 150650. Ainos of Yezo, 

 1888. J 50677 



Dried salmon. — Fish cut into long strips and dried over the smoky fire in the house. 

 Ainos of Shari, Yezo, 1888. 150678 



Carrying band. — A braided baud of ohiyo, used for carrying children and loads on the 

 back. The broad middle part is placed on the forehead, and the ends tied under 

 the burden on the back. Three specimens. (See also 150757.) Ainos of Yezo, 

 1888. 150679, 150680, 150683 



This system of carrying children and loads is universal. The women carry large wooden tuba of 

 water on their backs in this manner. (See Plate cv.) 



Tobacco pipe. — A pipe 3 feet in length, the usual form, but of very unusual size. 



Ainos of Yezo, 1888. 150681 



Hoe. — Fashioned from a branch of a tree, the blade being formed by sharpening the 



stub of the main branch. An extremely rude instrument. Ainos of Yezo, 1888. 



150682 



