ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 653 



don, on the Marne, near Paris, also in Aveyron. Iu all these they had 

 mines of flint, with wells and long and deep galleries for exploring them. 

 Bone, stone, and wood were worked with talent and for various desti- 

 nations. The pottery became in extensive use. 



The Swiss lakes have preserved pieces of textile fabrics from which 

 they can be easily reproduced. This civilization compares with that of 

 the natives of the Polynesian Islands. 



The man of that period had the idea to build his habitation above 

 the water, and each lake has preserved at iis center and iu its bottom 

 the ruins and cumulation of debris which has famished the most com- 

 plete information. 



The lake dwellings constructed on piles firmly driven into the bottom, 

 were agglomerations of huts or cabins which did not differ very much 

 from those which later were the habitations of the Gaulois. The coast 

 was well inhabited. Each, shore bears an enormous accumulation of 

 shells, principally of oysters, in the midst of which we now find well- 

 preserved worked objects, sometimes of flint, sometimes of horn, bone 

 or shell. These shell-heaps are probably the earliest human habitation 

 of the neolithic period. 



There has never been found a picture or engraving of a human figure 

 in this stage, except a possibly human representation sculptured in 

 relief on the sides of one of the grottoes in the Marne, and something 

 of the same kind on several dolmens in Normandy and Provence. The 

 neolithic human races were much varied aud mixed. No one has been 

 able to determine any relation between any one of them and the mon- 

 uments which belonged to the same age. 



The names given by M. Cartailhac to the periods in the prehistoric 

 history of France subsequent to the neolithic and before the historic 

 period, were the Celtic and Gauloise periods. They correspond with 

 the ages of bronze and iron. 



DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL EXHIBITS. 



Probably the most interesting and instructive collection displayed 

 under the head of prehistoric anthropology and archaeology, certainly 

 that which attracted the most attention, was the reconstruction of the 

 families of men of the different prehistoric races. The figures were 

 life size and reproduced after the most accurate study. The greatest 

 care was used iu the details of the anatomy, the industry, the costume, 

 aud surroundings. They were the combined work of scientists and 

 artists the most capable, and all that the anthropologist, ethnologist, 

 anatomist, and artist sculptor could do was done to make them true 

 and correct representations. One group represented the chelleen epoch 

 or the age of the mammoth, or alluvium, and this was called the first 

 industry. The second represented the cavern period, or the age of the 

 reindeer, aud was called the first artist. The third represented the 

 neolithic period, or the age of polished stone. It was the first con- 



