714 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 



Lester F. Ward. On the determination of fossil dicotyledonous leaves. 

 Amer. Jour. Sci., xxi, May, 1886, pp. 370-375. 



Contains a brief review of the progress made in this line of research preparatory to the nomen- 

 clature proposed by Nathorst in a recent paper which analyzed and criticised. (Papers 

 published during 1889-1890). 

 Lester F. Ward. The sociological position of protection and free trade. 

 The American Anthropologist ("Washington), II, October, 1889, pp. 289-299. 

 Argues that protection can be theoretically defended as resting upon the progressive prin- 

 ciple of invention, free trade representing the absence of any social effort to improve the 

 commercial and industrial condition. 

 Lester F. Ward. Fortuitous variation. Being an abstract of a paper thus en- 

 titled, read before the Biological Society of Washington, December 15, 1888. 

 Nature (London), XL, July 25, 1889, p. 310. 



The full title of the paper, as orally presented with exhibition of specimens and comments 

 thereon, was " Fortuitous Variation as illustrated by the Genus Eupatorium." The 

 variations in the leaves of the different species of this genus were held to be sucb as 

 could not all be produced by natural selection, obviously not being specially advantageous 

 to the plant. It was argued tbat they were fortuitous in the proper scientific sense of 

 that word : i. e., they were the result of tbe universal pressure of organic life in all direc- 

 tions and represented those directions in which such pressure had been successful, the 

 lines of least resistance. 

 Lester F. Ward. Causes of belief in immortality. 



The Forum (New York), vin, September, 1889, pp. 98-107. 



The great prevalence of this belief is claimed to be the result of natural causes operating 

 upon primitive man, resulting in a universal notion of spirit, and the chief of these natural 

 causes are enumerated. 

 Lester F. Ward. Jurassic plants from Kaga, Higa, and Echizeh (Japan). By 

 Matajiro Yokoyama. 



American Journal of Science, xxxvin, Ser. 3, November, 1889, p. 414. 



Brief notice of a paper by the above title in the Journal of the College of Science, Imperial 

 University of Japan, in, Pt. I, Tokio, Japan, 1889. 



Lester F. Ward. The Tertiary flora of Australia. By Dr. Constantin, Baron von 

 Ettingshausen. English translation edited by R. Etheridge, jr., Sydney, 1888. 

 American Journal of Science, xxxvin, Ser. 3, December, 1889, p. 493. 



Brief notice of a paper with the above title, referring to a fuller analysis of the original 



memoirs to appear in the Eighth Annual Keport of the U. S. Geological Survey (pp. 812- 



814). 



Lester F. Ward. Contribuzioni alia flora fossile dei terreni terziarii della liguria. 



By S. Squinabol. I. Fucoidi ed Elmintoidee, Roma, 1888; II. Caracee-Felci, 



Genova, 1889. 



American Journal of Science, xxxix, Ser. 3, January, 1890, pp. 72, 73. 



Brief notice of papers with the above titles published by the Italian Geological Society and 

 University of Genoa. 

 Lester F. Ward. Administrative Report to the Director of the U. S. Geological 

 Survey for the year euding June 30, 1887. 



Eighth Annual Report of the TJ. S. Geological Survey, 1886-1887, Pt. I, 1889, pp. 184-189. Issued 

 February, 1890. 

 Lester F. Ward. The geographical distribution of plants. 



Eighth Annual Report of the TJ. S. Geological Survey, 1886-1887, Pt. it, 1889, pp. 663-960, PI. lxi, 



issued Fehruary, 1890. 

 An extended and detailed enumeration of the localities at which fossil plants have been found, 

 the works mentioning them, and \l\a age of the deposits in which they occur ; arranged 

 primarily in a geographical order beginning with England and ending with the United 

 States, with a map of the United States showing the localities and formations. 

 Lester F. Ward. The course of biologic evolution. Annual Address of the Presi- 

 dent of the Biological Society of Washington, delivered January 25, 1890. 

 Froc. Biol. Soc. of Washington, v, 1830, pp. 23-55 ; Pamphlet, pp. 1-33. 



The fundamental and distinct modes or lines of development are recognized, the normal and 

 the extra-normal. In both, evolution takes place chiefly through the law of the extinction 

 of trunk linos of descent, coupled with that of the persistence of unspecialized types. 

 Normal development is illustrated in the vegetable kingdom, the principal steps being the 

 origin of exogeuy, phenogainy, gymnospermy, angiospermy, exogenous angiospermy ; and 



