(70) 



Of six known species with flat leaves having whitish bands on 

 the npper side, which, however, face downward because of a twist 

 in the leaf stalk, two are in the Garden, viz. : 



P. Omorika, the Serbian Spruce of southeastern Europe 

 P. jezoensis, the Yezo or Hondo Spruce of Manchuria and 

 Japan. 



Of five or six species with four-angled and four-sided leaves 

 having whitish lines conspicuous on two sides and inconspicuous 

 on the other two, two are in the Garden, viz. : 



P. Engelmannii, Engelmann Spruce of the western United 



States. 

 P. pungens, Colorado Spruce of the western United States 



Of about eighteen species with four-angled four-sided needles 

 equally marked on all four sides, seven are in the Garden : 



P. Schrenkiana, Schrenk Spruce of Central Asia 



P. Maximowiczii, Japanese Bush-Spruee of Japan 



P. polita, Tiger-tail Spruce of Japan 



P. Abies, Norway Spruce of Europe 



P. orientalis, Oriental Spruce of Asia Minor 



P. bicolor, Alcock Spruce of Japan 



P. canadensis, White Spruce of eastern North America. 



It would be very unusual for a pine and spruce to be confused, 

 for the former always has its needles in clusters and the latter 

 never. Spruces, however, may be confused with firs, which we 

 shall see next. But the spruce needles are borne on persistent 

 stalks which make a twig rough after the leaves have fallen but on 

 the firs smooth round scars are left. 



The spruces thrive best in moderately moist sandy loam but will 

 grow in almost any kind of soil provided it contains sufficient 

 moisture. They are somewhat more exacting in soil requirements 

 than the pines, for they endure neither wet nor dry conditions. 

 Northern slopes are well suited to them and they endure shade 

 better than most other conifers, surpassing the pines in this 

 respect. While the pines generally have a deep taproot and require 

 deep soil, the spruces spread their roots more horizontally. They 

 will grow, consequently, in shallow soil and are easily transplanted 

 even as large trees. For the same reason they are easily wind- 

 blown. 



