THE CAYUGA FLORA. xv 



cliffs of subarctic latitudes, and lastly the plants of the dry woods, 

 usually found near the brink of the ravine, suggest those of the dry 

 ridges of the Alleghanies ; the latter we will place under the next 

 heading. While the ravines shelter the rare Clematis verticillaris, 

 Quercus prinoides {tree form) Populus balsamifera, Polymnia Uve- 

 dalia, Blephilia the two .species of Lophanthus, Monarda clinopodia, 

 Carex Steudelii, and a host of our common but most beautiful spring 

 and summer plants, their most remarkable inhabitants are the plants 

 of the wet cliffs few in number, but forming a significant group. They 

 are Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula Mistassinica, Saxifraga aizoides, 

 all growing together at Taughannock, the first two in Fall Creek, the 

 first in Cascadilla ravine. They are always on the south wall, except- 

 ing one north side station in Cascadilla for Pinguicula. For Pingui- 

 cula and Saxifraga, our stations seem to be more southern than any 

 other in America. Primula is found at the head of L. Keuka, whose 

 latitude is a few miles south of that of Ithaca. To be classed with 

 these is Draba arabisans, occuring in two small ravines on the 

 east shore of Cayuga L,. It is found in northern N. Y. and in Akron, 

 Erie Co., N. Y., considerably north of our latitude. All the above are 

 plants of British America extending to Hudson's Bay and Alaska. 



6. The Woodlands. — The dry woods of this region, often appearing 

 somewhat barren, really present us with an interesting group of 

 plants. They occupy the knolls along the borders of our ravines, 

 such as Fall Creek and Buttermilk Creek, but their peculiarities ap- 

 pear more striking perhaps on the so-called "pinnacles" of W. Danby 

 and Caroline. Their characteristic trees are the Pitch Pine, Rock Oak 

 Yellow Oak, occasionally the Scarlet Oak and Pignut Hickory. For 

 undergrowth Vaccinium stamineum, V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacil- 

 lans, Rhododendron nudiflorum, Ceanothus, Solidago squarrosa and 6". 

 bicolor, Gerardia pedicularia, G. quercifolia and G. flava, Gillenia 

 trifoliata, Salix humilis, Panicum nervosum, Asclepias phytolac- 

 coides, the Desmodiums and Hieracium venosum. Kalmia latifolia, 

 Epigcea, Chimaphila umbellata, Chamcslirium, Pyrola rotundifolia, 

 also occur, usually in woods somewhat more moist. The rare plants are 

 Pterospora, Oryzopsis Canadensis, Panicum xanthophysum, Dey- 

 euxia Porteri and Lonicera glauca, var. (the form 402 of the Cat.) 

 Myrica Comptonia is occasional. 



Of the damp woods, those crowning the higher hills, in some cases 

 pass into those just mentioned, but present in addition a sprinkling of 

 more northern plants. Habenaria orbiculata will be found in them 

 sparingly and in woods of this character on the summits of the high 

 hills of Danby and Caroline, occur our only specimens of the rare Po- 

 gonia verticillata, none of our specimens yet found in flower. 



Passing over the woods of beech and maple abundant in the eastern 

 the eastern section of our basin, also the swampy woods and swamps 

 of black-ash and elm which cover extensive tracts north of Forest Home 

 we shall find in the swampy woods of hemlock, often surrounding the 

 sphagnum swamps of Dryden, etc. , some beautiful species. In the 

 drier portions are Viburnum lantanoides, Trillium erythrocarpum 

 Cypripedium acaule, Comics Canadensis, Ciintouia, Viola rotundifol- 



