48 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



November ; then, through December, January, and February, the larva 

 of P.egeria continues to do so occasionally in suitable weather (Wolfe), 

 attaining a considerable size by January (Tutt); the larva of P. 

 megdera feeds on, in the autumn, till nearly three-quarters of an inch in 

 length (Christy), and then slackens off till February, when it becomes 

 active again, similar habits being reported of those of P. maera and 

 P. hiera. In central Europe it is to be noted, these species are all 

 double- or partially double-brooded, and that the spring-feeding larvae 

 are fullfed in May. It may be observed that achine, sometimes placed in 

 Pararge, hybernates after the manner of Satyrids, very small, and feeds 

 up rather rapidly in April and May, the species being single-brooded. On 

 the other hand, Wolfe observes (Ent. Bee, viii., p. 5) that the larvae of 

 Enodia hyperanthus feed occasionally all through the winter. Edwards 

 notes (Can. Ent., x., p. 107) that, after the third moult, some larvae 

 of the Nearctic Cusia eurytus that he was rearing, " all ceased feeding 

 and some appeared to be in profound lethargy, but others, after resting 

 several days, would rouse and eat a little, and then sleep again, but 

 every one, notwithstanding its lethargic condition, was found to have 

 changed its position several times." Evidently this is a Nearctic 

 species that passes the winter in what w T e have become accustomed to 

 call the nibbling stage. Russell observes (Ent. Bee, viii., p. 107), 

 that the larvae of Coenonympha pamphilus that pass the winter do not 

 become torpid, but feed intermittently during the winter. 



We have already noted that certain of the (Eneids pass the winter 

 almost as full-grown larvae, also that the larvae of Pararge egeria, P. 

 megaera, etc., have attained considerable size. Scudder notes (Butts. New 

 England, p. 198) that the larvae of Satyrodes eurydice, after the second 

 moult, begin to eat more rapidly and abundantly, but wander restlessly 

 from blade to blade, eating mostly, or only, by day, passing the winter 

 as a larva nearly, or quite, fullgrown. 



The habit of hiding by day, exhibited by so many Satyrid larvae, 

 has already been referred to (antea, pp. 44-45). This is particularly the 

 case with the species of Melanargia whose larvae are known, the 

 Hipparchiid group of the Satyrids, alcyone, hermione, semele, etc., the 

 Epinephilids and most, if not all, the Erebiids. Wolfe observes (Ent. 

 Bee, viii., p. 5) that the larvae of Enodia hyperanthus only show them- 

 selves at night, hiding all day, but, in confinement, do not appear to 

 avoid lamplight. Buckler gives a most interesting account of the 

 hiding-habits of two larvae of Hipparchia se)nele, one of which, reared 

 in confinement from egg, hid low down by day among the tuft of grass 

 on which it was feeding, whilst a second, which he dug on May 20th, 

 1865, under the surface of some sand, continued its burrowing habit 

 in confinement, hiding completely by day and feeding by night, its 

 presence only known by the diminished grass, until pupation. The 

 other did not burrow, but simply continued to hide among the lower 

 part of the stems in comparative darkness, with its head downwards, 

 coming up to feed at night, but finally burrowing for pupation below the 

 surface of the ground like the other. In some notes forwarded recently, 

 Gillmer observes that the larva of Hipparchia hermione hides during the 

 day under stones, etc., and that of H. alcyone in the compact tufts of 

 grass on which it feeds. Powell observes also, as we have already 

 stated, that the larvae of Epinephele ianira, E. ida, and E. pasiphae 

 become nocturnal feeders after hybernation, resting low down on 

 the plant, those of the two last-named species often leaving the food- 



