SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 



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Chapter I. — The estivation and hybernation of butterfly lary.e. — Hyber- 

 nation, ^Estivation, Lethargy; Hybernation in same stage in same 

 species; Hybernating stage of British butterflies; in larval stage, 1; 

 in egg-stage ; as newly-hatched larva?, 2 ; as full-fed larvse ; Larval hyber- 

 nation in Palsearctic and Nearctic areas, 3 ; Plasticity of Pararge egeria ; 

 Variable intensity of hybernating habit ; Tree-feeding hybernating larva? ; 

 and low-feeders ; Interdependence of hybernating larva? and nature of food- 

 plant, 4 ; Hybernacula ; Variable hybernating habits in Satyrids ; in 

 Lycsenids ; the Coliads, 5 ; Winter larval nests ; Probable origin of larval 

 hybernating-habifc, 6; ^Estivation prolonged into hybernation; Criticism 

 of Scudder's use of term "lethargy"; Vandouer's observations, 7; 

 Double-broods and partial double-broods; "Forwards" and "lag- 

 gards"; in Brenthids, Lycsenids, etc., 8; Irregular hybernation of 

 Loweia var. gordius ; Hybernation in two stages ; Peculiarity in hyber- 

 nating habits of Brenthis bellona, 9 ; of Phycioides tliaros ; of Euphydrgas 

 phaeton; Significance of hybernation; Possible failure of partial second- 

 brood ; The bearing of hybernating-habit on failure of immigrants to 

 colonise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 



Chapter II. — The gregarious habit in butterfly larvae. — Independent 

 origin of habit in different groups, 11; Degrees of gregariousness vary ; 

 Significance of gregarious habit, 12; Social habits in Pierids ; in 

 Vanessids ; in Melitseids, 13; Comparison of habits of Nearctic and 

 Palsearctic species in these groups, 14 ; Habits of Nearctic Melitseids, 15 ; 

 Melitaea cinxia, 17 ; Social habits in Apaturids, 18; Cldorippe clyton; 

 Vanessids — Aglais milberti ; Euvane>sa antiopa, 19; Eugonia polycliloros. 

 20; Araschnia lev ana ; Stages in Pierid gregariousness; Euclieira 

 socialis, 21 ; Aporia crataegi ; Meaning of gregarious habits — its advan- 

 tages ; as a means of safety, 22; as a retreat; a protection during 

 moulting; a hybernaculum ; as displaying warning colours in mass, also 

 simultaneous warning movements ; Requirements of Melitseas, Argynnids, 

 and Vanessids compared, 23 ; Gregariousness a modern development . . 24 



Chapter III. — Family habits in butterfly larvae — the Vanessids. — Variety 

 and resemblances in family habits, 24 ; Larval habits of Vanessids in 

 detail, 25; Gregarious and solitary species; Summer-feeding habits; 

 Nearctic and Palsearctic species compared, 26 ; in Pyrameis, Polggonia, 

 26 ; Aglais, Polygonia, and Eugo)iia . . . . . . . . . . 28 



Chapter IV. — Family habits in buttebfly larvae — the fritillaries. — 

 Larval habits of the Fritillaries — the Argynnids proper, the Brenthids, 

 the Melitseids; Hybernating habit of Argynnids proper, 28; Bapidity of 

 movements ; Feeding-habits ; Larval habits of the Brenthids ; Hybernating- 

 habit ; "Forward" habit; Food-habit, 29; Bapidity of movement; Hiding 

 habit; Scudder on the larval habits of Nearctic Brenthids, 30 ; Larval 

 habits of the Melitseids, 31; Silk-spinning; Gregariousness; Social 

 hybernation ; Solitariness after hybernation ; Lethargic habits ; Habits of 

 American Melitasids ; Comparison of Palsearctic and Nearctic species ; 

 " Forwards " and " laggards " ; Habits when alarmed . . . . 32 



Chapter V. — Family habits in butterfly larvae— the limenitids. — 

 Larval habits strongly developed; Palsearctic species; Best position; 

 Hybernaculum formation, 33 ; in European species ; in Nearctic species ; 

 Basilarchia and Limenitis compared, 34 ; Feeding- and resting-habits of 

 young larvae, 35 ; Best-habit ; Curious habit of accumulating debris of 

 leaf, 36 ; Utility of this habit ; Similar habits in Indian species ; Bapid 

 spring-feeding habit; in Nearctic, and Palsearctic, species, 37; "For- 

 wards" and " laggards " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 



