FAMILY HABITS OF BUTTERFLY LABViF THE COLIADS, ETC. 59 



time, but, when feeding, they are very nervously active, biting with great 

 rapidity, and moving with short jerky steps. The larva of Colias behrii, 

 another species occurring at very high altitudes, is noted by Lembert 

 (teste Dyar, Can. Ent., 1893, p. 159) as resting quietly, when young, 

 and being almost invisible on the huckleberry leaves, being very like 

 the withered huckleberry fruit. When the larvae get larger, however, 

 they hide. 



The rapidity with which the larvae of many species feed up after 

 hybernation has ended, has been frequently noted ; this is parti- 

 cularly the case with those of Collets edusa, C. eurytlieme, C. hyale, 

 C. myrmidone, and C. philodice, possibly also of most, if not all, those 

 species that are particularly restricted 10 high latitudes and altitudes. 

 It is also specially noted of C. interior (Lyman, Can. Ent., 1896. p. 145). 



The Coliad larvae make good use of the anal forks, Lyman 

 observing (Can. Ent., 1897, pp. 249-258) that the larva of Colias 

 interior throws its excrement a considerable distance, whilst Frohawk 

 states (Ent., xxvi., p. 185) that the larva of Colias edusa ejects its 

 excrement to some distance as if by means of a spring. 



Closely allied to the "clouded yellows" proper, are what we may 

 term the" Cassia -feeding "Ehodocerids. The larvae of this group neglect 

 the low leguminous plants and find their sustenance in one of the 

 shrubby sections. One regrets that, of the larval habits of these 

 interesting species, so little is really known, but from the recorded 

 observations some useful details may be collected, and some comparison 

 may be made between their larval habits and those of the more typical 

 members of the Pierid stirps, e.g., the larval habits of the Nearctic 

 Euremalisa, whose natural food is Cassia cJiainaecrista, lemmd one much, 

 in some respects, of those of Leptidia sinapis, in others of Colias edusa. 

 The species resembles L. sinapis in that it has purely summer-feeding 

 larvae, and, in this respect, it differs from the Coliads, yet the 

 resemblances of its larval habits to those of Colias edusa are, in 

 other respects, very great. With a range extending from 30° N. 

 lat. (about equal to the north African range of Colias edusa) to 

 44° N. lat., there is a considerable difference in the larval habits 

 at the two limits, e.g., in South Georgia, the larvae produce 

 "forwards" at a rapid pace, and eggs laid by the newly-emerged 

 imagines of February and March develop larvae that produce 

 a fresh brood of imagines in April and May, these another in July, 

 and these yet another in September and October, the latter producing 

 pupae which are said to go over the winter. In the north of 

 Pennsylvania, a small brood is noticed in June and a large one in 

 August and September, the larvae from which have not been apparently 

 closely followed up, and one seems only to know that here, in confine- 

 ment, the larvae go steadily ahead, feed up, and produce imngines 

 during the winter and early spring, giving one the idea that the most 

 northern areas of its distribution may he supplied by immigration. 

 (A strong point in favour of this view will be found in the facts 

 recorded concerning this species in our Migration and Dispersal of 

 Insects, p. 80.) The feeding-habits of the larvae of Eurema Visa (euterpe) 

 are compared by Scudder with those of the Coliads. He states (Butts. 

 New England, p. 1093) that, from the very first, the larva crawls to, 

 and feeds on, the underside of a leaf, eating long, parallel and narrow 

 holes entirely through between the veinlets, after the manner of Colias 



