RUKALIDES (THECLIDEs). 83 



to say that these species wintered as larvae, only the larvse are inside, and 

 not outside, the egg-shell. For pupation, most of the larva3 suspend them- 

 selves by means of an anal pad and silken body-girth, but a few form deli- 

 cate cocoons, and appear to do without attachment, e.g., Callophrys rubi. 

 The pupa is of characteristic Kuralid form, short and squat, and has 

 been compared with those of the Lycasnids and Chrysophanids in the 

 preceding volume, p. 317. The abundance of lenticles is one of the 

 marked features of the pupa, and most show a highly- developed coating 

 of hairs. There is, however, no such uniformity in these as was 

 exhibited in the "trumpet-shaped " pupal hairs of the Chrysophanids 

 (antea, vol. viii., pis. x, xi, xii, xiv, xv) and the difference between the 

 pupal hairs of Strymon w-album and Bithys quercus is most marked (see 

 pi. iii., figs. 1-2). It will be observed that those of the latter species 

 have a genuine trumpet-shaped extremity, but small and more spiculate 

 than in the Chrysophanids, and Chapman observes, that, " like the 

 trumpet-hairs of the latter, they are smaller than the ordinary spiculate 

 ones, e.g., those of B. quercus (fig. 2) are about one-third of the length 

 of the spiculate hairs of S. w-album (fig. 1), viz., Olmm. in B. quercus, 

 and0'34mm. in S. w-album. In pi. iii., fig. 2, the region shown is near 

 the spiracle, of which a portion is seen, of the 2nd abdominal segment. 

 Five trumpet-hairs and a portion of a sixth appear on the plate. There 

 also appear a number of lenticles, chitinous circles that look as if they 

 ought to carry hairs, but have their lumen merely closed by a faintly 

 dotted membrane. There are also two circles that are almost certainly 

 bases of trumpet-hairs that have been broken away. In the pupa of 

 Bithys quercus these lenticles are very numerous near the spiracles, 

 but very sparse elsewhere, the greater part of, for instance, this 2nd 

 abdominal segment being occupied by the dark stellate points, with 

 connecting ridges, that we saw so well-developed in the pupa of Thestor 

 ballus (Nat. Hist, of Brit. Lep., viii., p. 452, pi. xv). In plate iii., fig. 2, 

 the area shown is so small that it does not extend outside the lenticular 

 region of this spiracle, and may leave the impression that the lenticles 

 are a more marked feature of the pupal skin than is really the case. 

 Suggestive as these stellate points are of hairs, they do not here, any 

 more than in the other pupae examined, appear to belong to the same 

 phylum as the hairs and lenticles, that always occur in the spaces 

 between the ridges, w hich are attached to the stellate points, but invariably 

 avoid hairs and lenticles. The magnification of pi. iii., fig. 1, is only half 

 that of fig. 2, and the much greater size of the hairs of Strymon w-album is 

 very evident. In the latter species, the pupal hairs are a fairly ordinary 

 form of spiculate hair, yet their close relationship with the trumpet-hairs 

 of Bithys quercus is obvious, so that we cannot help concluding from the 

 intermediate forms offered in that species, that the trumpet-hairs are 

 modifications of ordinary spiculate hairs. The hairs in Strymon w-album 

 are 0-3mm. to 035mm. long, are spiculate for their whole length, 

 and end in a sharp point. We may, perhaps, fancy that there is just 

 a tendency to the trumpet development, in the fact that many of the 

 hairs are thicker at some distance from their' extremities than near 

 their bases. The abundance of lenticles round the spiracles is well- 

 shown in the plate, and, the area being larger than in that of B. 

 quercus, there are also included some of the stellate points with their 

 appended ribs, enough to illustrate, what is obvious on an examination 

 of larger areas of the pupal skin, that these points are often connected 



