CALLOPHRYS. 87 



Comp.," p. 241 (1819); Stphs., " Illus. Brit. Ent. Haust.," L, p. 78 (1828); 

 "Ins. Cat.," 1st ed., p. 21 (1829); Meig., "Eur. Schmett.," ii., p. 46 (1830) ; 

 Wood, "Ind. Ent.," p. 7, pi. ii., fig. 55 (1839); Kamb., "Faun. And.," 

 p. 259 (1839); Bdv., "Gen. et Ind. Meth.," i., p. 8 (1840); Humph, and 

 Westd., "Brit. Butts.," L, p. 90 (1841); H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," i., p. 135 

 (1843); Stphs., "List," 2nd ed., p. 78 (1850); West, and Hewits., " Diurn. 

 Lep.," ii., p. 486 (1852); Led., " Verh. zool.-bot. Geseli.," p. 19 (1852); 

 Wallgrn., " Skand. Dagf.," i., p. 189 (1853); Sta., "Man.," i., p. 54 (1857); 

 Speyer, " Geog. Verb. Schmett.," i., p. 259 (1858); Bamb., "Cat. Lep. And.," 

 p. 32 (1858); Dbldy., " Syn. Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 2 (1859); Hein., " Schmett. 

 Deutsch.," p. 91 (1859); Staud., "Cat.," 1st ed., p. 3 (1861); Kirby, "Eur. 

 Butts.," i., p. 87 (1862) ; Snell., " De Vlind.," i., p. 66 (1867) ; Nolck., " Lep. 

 Fn. Estl.," ii., p. 52 (1868); Newm., " Brit. Butts.," p. 105 (1869); Kirby, "Syn. 

 Cat.," i., p. 398 (1871); Staud., " Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 7 (1871); Curo, "Bull. 

 Soc. Ent. It.," vi., p. 107 (1874); Kirby, "Eur. Butts.," p. 59, pi. xv., fig. 3 

 (1879) ; Frey, " Lep. Schw.," p. 11 (1880); Lang, " Butts. Eur.," p. 81, pi. xviii., 

 fig. 3 (1884) ; Bucld., "Larvae," etc., i., p. 89, pi. xiii., fig. 3 (1885); Kane, "Eur. 

 Butts.," p. 24 (1885) ; Auriv., " Nord. Fjar.," i., p. 8, pi. vii., fig. 3 (1888-1891) ; 

 Dale, "Hist. Brit. Butts.," p. 44 (1890); Barr., "Lep. Brit. Isles," i., p. 53, 

 pi. viii., figs. 4-4c (1893) ; Buhl, "Pal. Gross-Schmett.," pp. 195, 740 (1895); 

 Meyr., " Handbook," etc., pp. 195, 740 (1895). 



The group in which rubi was placed by Hiibner he named Lyci 

 (Yerzeichniss, pp. 73-4), and this formed the first coitus of his Avmati 

 or "hairstreaks" proper. The genus Lynns, however, was preoccupied 

 in coleoptera, and hence let in Billberg's genus Callophrys. Billberg 

 gives (Knumer. Ins., p. 80) vulcanus, rubi, and a MS. species as 

 belonging to his genus Callophrys. In 1875, Scudder (Hist. Sketch, 

 p. 132) restricted the genus, naming rubi the type. Kirby (Handbook, 

 etc., ii., p. 54) accepts the limitation, and notes that "the genus differs 

 from the other European Theclids by the absence of a tail, though 

 there is a slight notch before the anal angle of the hindwings." There 

 is only one Palasarctic species in the genus, viz., rubi, Linne, but Dyar 

 gives four Nearctic species, viz., affinis, Edw. (Utah), dumetorum, Bdv. 

 (Rocky Mountains, California), apama, Edw. (Arizona), and sheridanii, 

 Edw. (Rocky Mountains). There can be little doubt of the close 

 alliance of the Callophryids (as represented by C. rubi) and the 

 Thestorids (as represented by T. ballus). It is, indeed, quite possible 

 that they have a close tribal relationship. 



Chapman discusses this (in litt.) as follows: "The close association 

 of Callophrys rubi with Thestor ballus, evidenced by (1) the coloration of 

 the imago, (2) the close similarity, more than identity of type, of the 

 ancillary appendages, (3) the habits, and other items, appears to hold 

 as regards the eggs. The eggs are, nevertheless, considerably different 

 from each other. They agree in having a large part of the eggshell 

 proper exposed. The adventitious coat that forms the great feature of 

 the mass of Lyc^enid eggs, is much reduced. In C. rubi it is of an 

 ordinary Theclid or Lycsenid design, viz., a hexagonal, or rather 

 triangular, network of ribs, with raised knobs at the intersections, but 

 the ribs are low and narrow, and expose, in their meshes, much of the 

 true eggshell. In T. ballus the knobs at the intersections are absent, 

 the meshes rather more irregular, and the spaces even wider, so 

 much so that one's inclination is to regard the ribs as not belonging 

 to an adventitious coating, but to be structural elements of the egg- 

 shell proper. Indeed, one cannot be positive that this is not so, and 

 it may be that, in all Lycaenids, the adventitious coat is built up on an 

 actual ribbing of the true eggshell. Our present point, however, is, 



