Ob BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



that, if the knobs of C. rubi could be removed, we should have an egg- 

 shell very like that of T. ballus, a result that would not obtain by a 

 similar process in other Lycaenid eggs. This is very evident if the 

 underside of the egg of C. rubi be examined ; there are no knobs here, 

 and the resemblance to T. ballus is very strong." He further notes: 

 " The Callophryid larva differs chiefly from those of the other 

 Lycaenids examined, in that the hairs above the spiracles are well- 

 developed, smaller, i.e., shorter than the others (setae on tubercles 

 i, ii, etc.), but still not far from them, as it were of the same series, 

 instead of being very small, or even mere clubs, as is usual." In 

 comparing the pupae of these species with those of other Kuralids 

 (Theclids) and Chrysophanids, Chapman writes (in litt.) : " The pupa 

 of C. rubi presents the remarkable character of having the 7th 

 abdominal spiracles obsolete as well as the 8th. So far as my (too 

 few) observations go, this is a Theclid character, and does not occur 

 in Chrysophanids or Lycaenids, which have only the 8th obsolete, as 

 is the rule in lepidopterous pupae. Another most interesting point is 

 the origin of the cremastral hooks from the raised points of the 

 surface-network. I supposed this must be a rule in the Lycaenids, 

 and asked myself why I had never noticed it before. On going over 

 some specimens, I find that the hooks in Chrysophanus arise from a 

 smooth surface, from which all skin sculpture has disappeared. 

 Strymon w-album has the hooks abundant, but equally separate from 

 the general sculpture. Bithys quercus has no hooks, and so on. In 

 T. ballus only do I find a similar condition. T. ballus has no 

 cremastral hooks, but the proper area is covered by the usual network 

 sculpture, with the uniting points. A certain number of these points 

 afford very short batons, about 002mm. to O04mm. in length, which 

 are no doubt obsolete cremastral hooks. The remarkable conclusion 

 from this observation is that the cremastral hairs are not ordinary hairs 

 modified, but are a modification of a structure that, in the Lycaenids 

 at any rate, provides no other description of hair. As regards the 

 ordinary hairs of C. rubi, they are almost the same, both in size and 

 structure, as those of Strymon iv-album, but are much more numerous. 

 Those of Bithys quercus differ by having expanded tips, as if almost 

 belonging to the " umbrella series " (see Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., 

 pis. x, xi, xii, xiv). C. rubi agrees with these in the surface 

 network and connecting points being of very similar size and 

 arrangement. T. ballus differs in having the lines of network com- 

 paratively very broad, and the skin -points very large and of a stellate 

 structure ; at the same time the hairs are apparently absent, really 

 they exist, but are barely OOlmm. in length. T. ballus and 0. rubi 

 agree in having a pupa that hybernates, and does so underground. The 

 others all have summer pupae. It would appear that 0. rubi and T. ballus 

 took quite different methods of meeting the dangers of a winter under- 

 ground. T. ballus got rid of hairs and developed the mail-plating of 

 the pupa-skin ; C. rubi, on the contrary, developed an additional 

 supply of hairs. This difference probably has some relation to T. 

 ballus affecting southern dry situations ; C. rubi being more northern, 

 and, where they overlap, selecting more shady damp situations." As 

 showing farther alliance between Callophrys and Thestor, Chapman 

 notes (in litt.) of the $ genital appendages : " Thestor (ballus) and 

 Callophrys (rubi) are really very close together, and very near to these 



