CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 93 



bipunctata, intermedia-typica, a,n&intermedia-caecus just as, in Algeria, we 

 get fervida-punctata, etc., and in Asia, suflusa-punctata, etc. Newman 

 states (Brit. Butts., p. 105) that, "in some specimens, the series of 

 white spots is tolerably consecutive across all the wings, and every 

 gradation may be found between such a consecutive series, and 

 a solitary white spot on the costal margin of the hindwings." 

 Barrett says that " specimens from the north of England have the 

 white line on the underside unusually pronounced." Kane says that, 

 " in the Irish specimens, the series of white streaks on the under- 

 side of the hindwings is usually wanting wholly or in part, often 

 represented only by a single one on the costa." Bankes observes (in 

 litt.) that, on the underside, Dorset specimens appear never to show 

 any white spots on the forewing, and often only a single spot on the 

 hindwing, nor has he seen one with a full series of these spots right across 

 the latter. He adds : " My Arran examples, however, mostly show such a 

 series across the hindwing, and a considerable proportion of them have 

 a similar row of white spots across the green portion of the forewing. 

 In one specimen, from Cannock Chase, there is a full row across the 

 hindwing, and two or three rather faint white spots on the forewing, 

 but Mr. F. C. Woodforde tells me that such a strongly-spotted form 

 is rare in that district." In Algeria, there seems to be some consider- 

 able local variation in this direction, for Oberthiir says (Faun. Lep. 

 Alg., i., p. 20) that " the form captured at Collo and Oran in March is 

 remarkable in that the white line below is very distinct, wider, and 

 more strongly marked than in French examples," whilst, " at Sebdou, 

 Codet found (Lep. d'Algerie, vi., p. 48) scarcely any trace of the white 

 line ; yet, on the other hand, in almost all the examples taken near Algiers 

 by Allard and David, the white band of the hindwings is particularly 

 well-developed," as noted above. Specimens taken by Miss Fountaine 

 near Algiers, in March, 1902, are all undoubted fervida. The examples 

 are somewhat smaller and redder, and the fringes reddish instead of 

 whitish ; the undersides also are of a more reddish tint, and the green is 

 of a decidedly less metallic and somewhat duller hue ; the white mark- 

 ings are, in these examples, somewhat ill-developed. Bambur notes (Cat. 

 Lep. And., p. 32) that the Andalusian examples are distinguished by the 

 ochreous tint of their forewings and by the continuity of the white 

 line on the undersides of the hindwings ; the last joint of the palpi 

 is also shorter. Beadle says that the specimens from Ullock Moss, 

 in Cumberland, are suffused on the upperside with ochre-coloured 

 scales. Frey states (Lep. der Schweiz, p. 11) that the species does 

 not vary either in the mountains of Switzerland, or in those of 

 Norway. Fuchs objects to this (Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., xliv., 

 pp. 211 et seg.) and states that this only means that the specimens 

 from the Swiss lowlands do not differ from those of the mountains 

 and those from Norway in any important particulars ; but a Finnish $ 

 in his possession was as small as the two smallest that he took in his 

 own district (Lennig), and was well spotted, the forewing only 12mm. 

 in length, as against the average of 14mm.-14-5mm. ; the extension at 

 the anal angle is obsolete ; the colour of the upperside dark greyish -brown, 

 with no tendency to the yellowish of the German examples, and quite 

 devoid of lustre. The fringes are darker, their base deep blackish-brown 

 (especially below), so that the wings appear bordered. The underside 

 colour is dingy, and it has only one dot on the hindwings, just below the 

 costa (see also p. 129). Rondou states that, in the Pyrenees, at 



