96 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



a little less. The insect first appears here in the middle of April and disappears at 

 the end of May, or early June (Kroulikowsky). 



This eastern Russian form is also reported, by Kroulikowsky, as 

 occurring rarely throughout the govt, of Wiatka, in May. We have 

 been unable to trace Moeschler's name borealis, as well as polaris, 

 Gerh., to which Kroulikowsky and Riihl both refer it. So far as 

 Kroulikowsky's description is concerned, the form appears to be denned 

 by the underside having a more yellowish-green tint, and the ordinary 

 white spots generally absent. Also occurs in Finland (see p. 129). 



5. var. sibirica, Riihl, "Pal. Gross-Schmett.," p. 740 (1895); Tutt, "Brit. 

 Butts., 1 ' p. 197 (1896). — The underside of a less vivid green ; the hindwings 

 beneath with only a single faint white spot. South Siberia (Riihl). 



This appears to be almost a re-description of the Linnean type, except 

 that the underside is of a less vivid green. Here one wants a definition 

 of "less.' At any rate it appears to be identical with borealis, Kroul. 



e. var. (ab.) nordlandica, Strand, " Nyt. Mag. for Naturvid.," xxxi\.,pp. 27, 75 

 (1900). — The white spots fail on the underside ; the grass-green of the underside 

 is replaced by a darker, brownish hue, tinged with green. The upperside darker 

 than usual. The antennal club almost unicolorous. The wings rather stumpy ; 

 the tails of the hindwings not larger than usual. Size about that of southern 

 examples. Two specimens taken at Langoen, June 10th-23rd, 1900. 



f. var. fervida, Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 70 (1901). Rubi, Ramb., "Cat. Lep. 

 And.," p. 32 (1858). — Supra nralto dilutior, fere brunnea. Iberia mer. ; Mauretania ; 

 Asia Minor (Staudinger). 



This southern form is of a much less fuscous and more golden- 

 brown, almost coppery, tint on the upper surface of all the wings. It 

 occurs not uncommonly in the south of France with var. intermedia, but 

 in Algeria becomes the typical form. The specimens of this type that 

 we have noticed in France are usually of quite normal size, but the 

 Algerian specimens in Miss Fountaine's collection evidently form a 

 rather small race. The underside is also, in this form, of a less 

 metallic green, a distinct yellow tint producing the modification here 

 observed. There is some variation in the amount of white spotting 

 present on the underside. It is not, as Staudinger suggests, a 

 summer brood, but the ordinary spring brood, occurring from 

 February to April. There are specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. 

 from Granada, Gibraltar, Messina, Lambessa, Greece, Chitral, etc. 

 A very remarkable example of this form, taken by Chapman at 

 Hyeres, in April, 1906, is very large, 36mm., has a very narrow, 

 and yet almost continuous, white line on the underside of the wings ; 

 has the underside of the antennal club largely red, a character that 

 appears to be very rare, judged by our long series, and we believe 

 not before noticed by any lepidopterist. Blachier notes (in litt.) that 

 M. Romieux, of Geneva, captured a $ of this form, i.e., of a clear 

 reddish-brown above, green beneath, with two white spots on the 

 hindwings, in the Djebel Mekter, at 1500m. altitude, near Am Sefra (in 

 the south of the province of Oran) on April 19th, 1906. He also queries 

 whether all the Moroccan fervida $ s have a specially black androconial 

 brand, and strikingly black nervures, as his examples appear to have. 

 Rambur says (Cat. Lep. And., p. 32) that " the Andalusian examples are 

 distinguished from the type by the ochreous tint of the forewings, and 

 by the continuity of the white line on the underside of the hindwings." 



v . var. suaveola, Staud., " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," 1881, p. 279 (1881) ; Riihl, " Pal. 

 Gross.-Schmett.," p. 196 (1895); Tutt, " Brit. Butts.," p. 197 (1896) ; Staud., 

 "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 70 (1901). — I have altogether nineteen specimens before me 

 from Lepsa and Saisan, of which fourteen are certainly rubi, and almost exactly 



