CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 109 



indication of a stripe, a little yellower than the ground colour. The 

 head is pale-brown, with darker brown round the mouth ; the appear- 

 ance of the larva is velvety, caused by minute raised points bearing 

 fine short bristles (Buckler). 



Variation of larva. — Buckler observes that, when young, the 

 yellow markings are less distinct, and, in two of the larvae found on 

 Genista, they scarcely appeared, even to the last. Hellins notes that 

 several larvae, found in 1877, on flowers of ZJlex nanus, at Chagford, 

 differed from others feeding on Genista tinctoria and Cytisus scoparius, 

 in that the former had the head of a darker brown, the dorsal stripes 

 darker, and the markings on the sides of a paler (almost whitish-) 

 yellow. Chapman says that his descriptions show that the larva 

 varies from a pale green to a larva richly varied in red, yellow and 

 olive, in the third and last instars (see notes thereon, antea, 

 p. 108). 



Foodplants. — The foodplants of this species cover a consider- 

 able field. Among those recorded are — Rubus aculeata (Linne), 

 buds of R. fruticosus (Wilkes), R. idaeus (Richter), blossoms and green 

 fruit of Cornus sanguinea (Schmid), immature berries of Rhamnus 

 catharticus (Prideaux), R. frangula (Glitz), the flowers of V actinium 

 vitis-idaea (Zeller), V. myrtillus (Freer), flowers of Erica tetralix 

 (Wolfe), also leaves of E. tetralix (Chapman), Erica arborea, 

 Ilex aquifolium (Mina-Palumbo), Helianthemum vidgare (Frey), 

 young shoots of Ledum palustre (Plotz), Rumex (larva reared to 

 maturity) (Stange). Leguminous plants appear to be frequently 

 chosen, e.g., clovers of various kinds (Medicago lupulina, etc.), Lotus 

 corniculatus, L. major (Prideaux), Trifolium, species (Meess and Spuler), 

 Genista (Esper), G. anglica (Harwood), G. tinctoria, G. germanica 

 (Koch), G. sagittalis (Freyer), G. anglica (Barrett), Ulex nanus 

 (Hellins), U. europaeus (Prideaux), Spartium (Sarothamnus) scoparium 

 (vulgaris) (Kleemann), S. junceum (Lambillion), Cytisus species, 

 C. austriacus, C. nigricans, C. capitatus (Schiffermiiller and 

 Denis), C. laburnum (Lambillion), flowers of Calycotome spi- 

 nosus (Chapman), flowers of Onobrychis sativa (Schmid), Hedysarum 

 onobrychis (Brittinger). The chief foodplant in the Riviera is 

 undoubtedly Cytisus {Calycotome) spinosus ; in Argyllshire it is largely 

 Jjlex europaeus ; its preference is apparently for shrubby Leguminosae 

 (Chapman). [Sedum vidgare, or palustre, is noted by Frey, and Sedum 

 species by Meess and Spuler. Is Sedum a mistake for Ledum ?] 

 [Birch is noted by Carrington (Ent., xii., p. 208). This wants verify- 

 ing.] [Kaltenbach's statement (Pflanzenfeinde, etc., p. 109) that "the 

 larva most prefers sloe-leaves as food, but has also been found on the 

 almond (Amygdalus),'' etc., also wants careful verification.] 



Pupation. — Newman describes the pupa after Hiibner, as having a 

 distinct belt round the waist and apparently an attachment at the 

 anal extremity, and Lewin describes it similarly, but Barrett says 

 that they pupate without attachment, and Buckler confirms this. 

 Bowles says that the pupa is unfixed and emerges quite well when kept 

 loose in moss, whilst Wolfe notes that the larvae spin a few loose silken 

 threads, beneath which they pupate without further attachment, the 

 threads being very delicate and easily breaking away. Barrett says that, 

 when fullfed, in confinement, the larvae (of which he had many) found 

 their way into the thickest part of the bunch of stems of the foodplant, 



