CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 115 



may be forced in a warm room (lllus. Zeits. fur Ent., iv., p. 183), and 

 Chapman had several emerge in a warm living room between February 

 26th and March 6th, 1907, at Reigate, from pupa? reared from ova 

 and larva? obtained at Hyeres. Usually, it appears on the wing in 

 Britain about the middle of May, and such years as 1893, when it was 

 well out by the first week of April, and over by the end of the month, 

 and 1888, when it appeared in May, and then, owing to the continuance 

 of the cold weather, struggled on in single appearances until the end of 

 July, must be looked upon as quite exceptional. Still, even in 1893, 

 when the imagines were over in April, and the larva? were fullfed 

 before the end of May, there was no attempt at the production of even 

 a partial second-brood, and Barrett notes that several dozens of larva? 

 obtained near Haslemere in June, 1868, pupated by July 10th, yet not 

 one emerged as a second-brood example in August, all going over the 

 winter and producing imagines from April 20th on through May, 

 1869, whilst Buckler notes a similar experience. This direct response, 

 as it were, to the climatic influences of spring, is well exhibited in the 

 Mediterranean district, where, in some spots, in favourable seasons, 

 emergence commences at the end of January and early February and 

 is over by April, whilst, in less well-situated spots, and in unfavourable 

 seasons, at no great distance, March, April, and even May, are the months 

 in which it will occur. Still, in countries such as Algeria, and Morocco, 

 February and early March form its normal time of appearance, and, at 

 Hyeres, March is quite late enough for good specimens, as it is at 

 Collo, Oran, etc., although at Ain-Sefra, in Algeria, Roniieux obtained 

 it as late as April 19th, 1906. At Cannes and Grasse, and most other 

 places along the Riviera, however, the whole of March and early April 

 are the normal times. In the mountains of central Europe, only very 

 early examples occur in May, June and early July, according to elevation, 

 being the normal time of appearance, whilst, at a height of 6000ft., 

 below Saas Fee, single specimens have been taken up to August 10th. 

 Wheeler and Frey note it as occurring in the Swiss valleys as early as 

 March and April, but in the mountains till the end of July, only, 

 however, single-brooded. In high latitudes, too, it appears later, and 

 is recorded from Lapponia-Umea as occurring between May 27th 

 and June 15th (Zetterstedt), whilst, in south Norway, at Vallo and 

 Larkollen, it occurs in early May ; also at Aal, chiefly in May, but 

 extending into July; at Kongsberg, captured May 17th, 1899, in Boten, 

 May 26th, Odenmark, June 5th, and near Klovimaen (in Nordland), 

 June 30th, 1899 ; whilst near Bolkisjo it was also taken at the end of 

 June, 1899 (Strand). In southern Finland, it occurs from the first 

 week of May to midsummer, rarely later (Reuter). Some of the 

 Italian lepidopterists make it double-brooded, e.g., Stefanelli ("Lep. 

 Rop. Tosc," Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xxxii., p. 328), but, along the 

 Italian, as in the French, Riviera, it appears to be single- brooded, 

 occurring abundantly from March to early May (Tutt), whilst at 

 Chiavari, near Spezia, in the "Riviera di Levante," Blachier took 

 it on May 23rd, 1903 (see infra). It was, however, quite over on 

 April 23rd, 1901, at Argostoli, in Greece (T. B. Fletcher). One 

 suspects that, in southern, as in central, Europe, a second-brood 

 example is, indeed, a very great rarity. It is recorded as occur- 

 ring in the very early spring only, in the Pamirs (Grum-Grshimailo), 

 and Elwes obtained it in the Tchuja Valley, up to about 4000ft., during 

 the first half of June, 1898. It is particularly late in the Altai — at 



