CALLOPHKYS RUBI. 117 



April to June in Silesia (Wocke), and April and May in the kingdom 

 of Saxony (Steinert) ; from end of April until June in Bavaria 

 (Schmid) ; abundant in the spring months in Baden (Gauckler). Of those 

 who suggest a second brood, appearing in July-August, in Germany, are 

 Speiser, in East and West Prussia, " very scarce," contradicted by Schmidt 

 for this district ; Hering, for Pomerania, who says "also rare as a second 

 brood," but he only notes April and May as the months of capture in his 

 more detailed notes. Eothke notes it as occurring at Cref eld in April-May 

 "and June-July," a view not accepted by Maasen, Stollwerck, Weymer, 

 and others, who consider the June and July specimens to be simply late 

 examples of the only brood. Bossier also says that it flies in April and 

 May, and "again in July," in Waldeck and Hesse, but Fuchs categori- 

 cally denies that it does so in this district, and Speyer, Limpert, Rottel- 

 berg, Schenck, Glaser, and others have no knowledge of second- brood 

 examples here, whilst Wocke also states that no second brood is known 

 in Silesia ; Schneider is said to have caught a specimen in Saxon 

 Upper Lusatia on July 15th, 1877, possibly only a late example 

 (Schiitze) ; Kranz notes it as occurring in April and May at Munich, and 

 again "doubtfully in September"; his notes on the life-history do not 

 support this view, and it is contradicted for the district by Schmid, 

 Freyer and others. Meess and Spuler say it is abundant in Baden 

 up into the higher mountains, and give April and May, and "mid- June 

 till mid- August," but, as Gauckler only finds it single- brooded, occurring 

 in the spring, one suspects the late examples on which the supposed 

 second-brood is based, to be merely late emergences at a higher altitude. 

 In Switzerland, Frey notes April and May in the lowlands, flying until 

 late in July high in the mountains ; Wheeler adds that it sometimes 

 appears in March in the valleys, e.g., March 17th, 1899, at Veytaux. 

 Blachier gives as extreme dates for Geneva, April 7th to June 4th, 

 without interruption; whilst Rebfous has found worn examples on the 

 Saleve as late as June 26th, and Lowe found it in the Swiss Juras, at 

 Eclepens, whilst Courvoisier found it in July on the Simplon road 

 between Berisal and the 4th refuge. The records from Austria, on 

 the whole, also suggest a single brood, the great difference of altitude 

 being, perhaps, entirely responsible for the great variation in recorded 

 appearances. This was the view of Hofner, who notes the species 

 as having a single-brood, appearing from April-July. Huttner records 

 it as abundant at Carlsbad in May "and September" (with no facts, 

 however, to support the latter) ; whilst Nickerl says that, in Bohemia, it 

 appears only in May and June, and, similarly, Schneider gives May, 

 and "again in September," at Briinn, in Moravia, but Fritsch says the 

 recorded dates are — at Briinn, April 9th to May 4th ; Mistek, June 

 2nd ; Neutitschein, May 18th-30th ; Rottalowitz, April 22nd- 

 June 11th. Similarly, Fritsch himself states that it is double-brooded 

 in Upper Austria, the first brood in spring, the " second in July," but the 

 only records he gives are— April 15th-May 15th, at Freistadt ; April 

 17th-June 6th, at Kirchdorf ; April 9th-May 28th, at Linz, and July 

 5th, at Linz ; it appears to be this latter record alone on which he bases his 

 generalisation of a second-brood. In Lower Austria, Bossi doubts 

 there being any second-brood, and Fritsch gives as dates of appearance 

 — April 4th-Mayllth, at Gresten; April 14th-May 22nd, at Melk; April 

 llth-21st, at Vienna, with the latest appearances between May 28th- June 

 13th. In Salzburg, too, Riehter gives the end of April until June ; 



