CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 127 



. . He notes, however, that any friction, caused by these bead- 

 like constrictions or their tubercles moving over the costal vein of the 

 hindwing, would be slight, and that he failed to detect any sound 

 accompanying the movement in C. rubi. Chapman says (in litt.) 

 that this species emerges from 7 a.m. -10 a.m., and further notes 

 that, when the butterflies appear, the green of the underside is 

 of a deep rich brown, and remains so as long as the insects 

 are kept in a moist atmosphere ; as soon as the wings are allowed 

 to dry they become green ; the effect can be produced in a 

 damping-box, but the tint is neither so rich nor clear as in the 

 newly-emerged insect. Head observes that the usual time of flight 

 is from 7 a.m. or 7'30 a.m. until about 4 p.m., and sometimes a 

 little later. Pairing, he says, takes place between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., 

 and the duration of copulation lasts generally from one to two hours. 

 The <? s live from six to fourteen days, the $ s usually from one to 

 three weeks. Swinton adds that this species pairs at noon. 



Habitat. — From the southern shores of the Mediterranean to 

 beyond the Arctic Circle, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, and 

 from sea-level to above 7000ft. in the Alps of Central Europe and the 

 Western Himalayas, gives, as one may suppose, a variety of habitats 

 for this common little butterfly. The north of Morocco and Algeria 

 seem to be its most southern haunts, for it does not appear to go back 

 far towards the desert area, whilst in the north it occurs in the 

 Sydvaranger between 69° and 70°N. lat., where it was found by 

 Sparre- Schneider. In the south of Europe, it swarms on the bush- 

 covered slopes at Digne, Nimes, Hyeres, Grasse, etc., indeed, 

 throughout the lovely Provencal and Languedoc country, where the 

 great bushy brooms and genistas are such a pleasing feature of the 

 landscape, the species occurs in amazing profusion, flitting rapidly in the 

 sunshine, setting its body so that the sun shines vertically on one of its 

 green undersides, and so becoming hardly discernible among the greenery, 

 by which it is surrounded. Among the Italian lakes its habitats are 

 rather more like those in the south of England, and woodland paths 

 edged with hawthorn bushes are a favourite resort. In the mountain 

 valleys it haunts the rough bush-covered slopes at the foot of the cliffs, 

 whilst even high up the mountains, it still shows its preference for 

 the bush-covered patches that here and there clothe the mountain -sides. 

 In the British Islands, it haunts our woods, hill-sides, heaths, moors, 

 and bogs, indeed, it is one of the most likely species to be met with 

 in its proper time in almost any part of the country. On the continent, 

 the woods and moors of Scandinavia, and the broom-clad slopes of 

 southern Europe, are alike its home, whilst over most of its area in 

 central Europe little appears to come amiss to it. In Kent, it haunts 

 the wood-ridings, preferring, however, the clearings in which the 

 bushes are not growing too closely together, or rough pastures on the 

 outskirts of woods, whilst, on the open chalk-hills, it is also most fre- 

 quent on the outskirts of the woods, choosing again those portions 

 where bushes of dogwood, spindle, buckthorn, rose, and birch are scattered 

 sparingly about. On Cannock Chase, and other similar places, it haunts 

 the bleak heather-clad moors, and this also is so in many Devon localities — 

 Teignmouth, etc. , whilst, in Ireland, the heath-bogs are a favourite resort. 

 Kaye reports it from the bogs around Glencar, and Miss Lawless states 

 that it is very abundant in the same localities as Coenonymjiha typJwn, 



