CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 129 



Scandinavia, it is one of the commonest forest and moorland species, 

 whilst it occurs throughout northern and middle Finland to 66° N. 

 lat., and Reuter observes that the only specimen in the series of the 

 Helsingfors Museum, with white spots on the underside of the fore- 

 as well as the hindwings, was taken at Gamla Karleby, 63° 50' N. 

 lat., on the west coast of Finland, June 18th, 1879. He also notes that 

 the var. borealis, Kroul., with the underside tint yellowish-green, also 

 occurs with specimens of typical green hue throughout south Finland, 

 as far north as Kemi, about 65° 40' N. lat., whilst the type with purer 

 green colour goes to 66° N. lat. The most northerly Finland locality 

 for ab. caecus is about 60° N. lat. The species also reaches a con- 

 siderable elevation in Central Europe, for, on May 10th, 1887, 

 Hutchinson records it as occurring in crowds close up to the level 

 of the snow above Bex, whilst Wheeler notes it at 7000 feet on the 

 top of the Bochers de Naye, and its localities at Arolla, Saas Fee, etc., 

 reach this elevation. Caradja says that it occurs everywhere on 

 dry slopes in Roumania, whilst, at Tschachleu, he records it as occur- 

 ring on the tops of the mountains. Jordan captured it on the Biffelberg 

 in early July, 1878, and Standen at Bolkesjo, 70 miles northwest of 

 Christiania, at 1700ft., a good height for this latitude. It also goes up 

 some distance in the Pamirs, and, in the Himalayas of northwest 

 India, in Chitral, has been captured at 6000ft. In Norway, however, it 

 is aL<o recorded, by Standen, as occurring on the railway-banks between 

 Disenaen and Saeterstoen, where, on each side of the single line of 

 rails, were broad sloping banks, densely draped with many kinds of 

 greenery, where Equisetum sylvaticum and two other species were in 

 great abundance, the smallest looking, at a little distance, like a long 

 piled carpet on the uppermost edge of the bank, and creeping even 

 under the rails and in between the sleepers, where Pyro/a media 

 P. minor, and P. unijiora (Moneses grandifiora of the London Catalogue) 

 w T ere seen for the first time alive, where the delicate Smilacina bi folia 

 was common, and large white patches of Galium boreale occurred here 

 and there .... whilst dazzling beyond everything else were broad 

 clusters of the rich crimson-purple Lychnis viscaria. Here C. rubi 

 was common with Papilio machaon, Aporia crataegi, Euchlo'e carda- 

 mines, Leplidia sinapis, Colias palaeno, Chrysophanus hippothoe, etc. 

 Strand says that it is very common in open, elevated, sunny 

 woods, in Aal, in South Norway. In Lapland, Zetterstedt notes the 

 species as occurring in woods, fields, and by roadsides, in all the 

 wooded areas, sometimes not unfrequently, e.g„ at Karungi and 

 Wittangi ; it also occurs in Lapponia-Tornea and Lapponia- 

 Umea ; whilst, as we have already noticed, it occurs to almost 

 70° N. lat. in the Sydvaranger district. In Belgium it occurs almost 

 wherever its foodplant occurs — in arid places, the edges of woods, 

 uncultivated spots, etc. (Lambillion). Wheeler says that its locality, 

 at the top of the Bochers de Naye, on June 1st, 1901, was just then 

 a mass of gentians, large and small, anemones of various kinds, 

 yellow auriculas and purple violas ; whilst its locality in mid- June, 

 1900, about 500ft. above Sta. Maria della Luso, nf.ar Susa, is described 

 as meadows filled with the pheasant-eyed narcissus, Omithogalum 

 nutans, and other beautiful flowers. It is also recorded as occurring 

 in the woods of Ficuzza and Marraccia (Marott), and by the shares of 

 Lake Fruilani (Senna), Lang observes that, at Jerez de la Frontera, in 



