142 



BEITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



no sexual brand on the upper surface of the primaries, though there is 

 a slight thickening of the scales near the end of the cell at the upper 

 angle. In this character they lead into the lunulata, and tengstroemi 

 section. 



(2) Lunulata, tengstroemi, sinensis, rhymnus, ledereri, caspius. 



Lunulata is not a tailed species, as are all the preceding, whilst 

 the markings of the underside differ decidedly, and approach closely 

 to those of tengstroemi and sinensis ; the small Russian species, 

 rhymnus, appears to close this section ; whilst the two remaining 

 species, ledereri and caspius, lead this group into that of the 'coppers." 



Our own studies lead us to accept the leading features of 

 Bethune-Baker's grouping, and his further help, together with a 

 close study of the material in the British Museum collection, 

 has led us to consider that there are, at least, two main sections, 

 each with a species, full-spotted in the Lycasnid (sens, lat.) form, 

 at its base. These we have for our own reference noted as the 

 Lycasnid and Chrysophanid Strymonids respectively. Strangely these 

 group themselves, in their broad characters, as the sections with and 

 without the ovale? androconial brand, and a tentative grouping has been 

 made for working purposes as follows : — 



A. Lycasnid Strymonids — with S androconial oval patch at apex of cell — 

 Sect. a. — Stout typically built, Strymonid species — 



1. With two rows of spots on underside of the Lycasnid type ; untailed 



= Fixsenia — herzi, Fixs. (type). 



2. With two rows of spots, nearly as in 1 ; band suggesting form in pruni ; 



tailed = Lbechia — thalia, Leech (type). 



3. With the spots modified into one marginal row along the orange band, 



and the inner marginal white edging of the other row developed into 

 separate line ; tailed = Strym on — stygiana, Butl., ? ( = mera, Jans., 

 <? ), rubicundula, Leech, pruni, Linn. (type). 



4. As in 5, but with the space on hindwing between the white lines on 



the inside and outside of orange band, modified into series of roundish 

 spots of dark grey colour towards costa ; tailed = Felderia— lais, 

 Leech, eximia, Fixs. (type), fixseni, Leech, oenone, Leech, grandis, 

 Feld., ornata, Leech. 



5. With the spots reduced to linear edging of orange band ; white trans- 



verse line of W shape ; tailed = Edwardsia — w-album, Knoch (type), 

 fentoni, Butl., patrius, Leech, [v-album, Obth., pei-eomis, Leech]. 



6. With the underside markings reduced to white transverse line ; 



abbreviated orange band ; and large blue anal spot ; tailed = Klugia 

 — spini, Schiff. (type), melon tho, King, lat i or, Fixs. 



7. Strongly marked on the underside of both wings, suggesting a marked 



approach to the Bithynid type ; tailed = Kollaria — sassanides, 

 Kollar (type), deria, Moore, mirabilis, Ersch. 

 Sect. j3. — Delicate, slender, untailed, Plebeiid-looking species, with slighter 

 androconial brand — 



1. With underside spotting suggesting origin of lines in 2 — Erschof- 



FIA — lunulata, Ersch. 



2. With the underside markings of delicate white lines, remnants of 



margins of rows of spots ; the hind wings also more or less obsolete 

 spotting = Neolyc.en a, Nicev. — rhymnus, Ev., tengstroemi, Ersch., 

 tangutica, Gr.-Gr., ilicnsis, Gr.-Gr., sinensis, Alph. (type), prctiosa, 

 Stand. 

 B. Chrysophanid Strymonids — without oval <? androconial patch — 



1. Strongly spotted on the underside in characteristic Chrysophanid form; 



untailed — Bakeria — ledereri, Bdv. (type), caspius, Led. 



2. The underside spotting largely reduced to a few marginal orange 



