170 BEITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



ground or to the net waiting to receive it. Pearson adds (op. cit., 

 p. 230) that he found pupae of w-album, at Lincoln, on July 12th, 

 1898, the pupae being spun up on the underside of leaves of wych-elm, 

 near the footstalk, and adds that they closely resembled the elm-buds, 

 forming, in fact, a splendid imitation of the terminal brown bud, both in 

 colour and shape. Marowski notes (in litt.) that, when the larva is f ullf ed, 

 it chooses, in the breeding-cage, a corner on the ground, or just above it, 

 for pupation. In the open, he found pupae in the crevices of elm-bark, 

 and he observes that the pupal stage lasts only from ten to fourteen 

 days. Voelschow also records (Ent. Jdhrbuch, v., p. 155) finding pupae 

 at Schwerin, spun up on branches of elm, more often by twos than 

 singly. This appears to be unusual, for Schroder found pupae also at 

 Schwerin, as we do in England, spun up on the undersides of elm-leaves. 

 Tyrer notes (Ent. Wk. Int., viii., p. 124) finding, attached to a hard 

 fungus growing on the trunk of a tree, at Eye, a pupa, which produced 

 an imago in due course. 



Colour changes during maturation of pupa. — The newly-changed 

 pupa is of a very rich, almost red-brown, tint, clothed with abundant, 

 but scattered, short white hairs. On the metathorax and abdominal 

 segments there is a darker mediodorsal band; the dorsal plane is bounded 

 by two pale, faintly ochreous, hardly yellow, lines (the dorsal ridges), 

 from which, on the first five abdominal segments, oblique lines of the 

 same colour reach outwards and backwards, the " oblique lines." The 

 lateral flange is preserved, but, though the markings of the dorsal plane 

 and ridges exist, there are no actual ridges, the dorsum being rounded. 

 As the pupa matures, it loses largely the paler and oblique lines, and 

 becomes altogether darker. It is of a rich, deep, brown, darker on the head 

 and appendages, and with a dorsal band from the metathorax backwards. 

 There are no hairs on portion of face inside glazed eye. The prothoracic 

 spiracle-cover is a little white line at some (unusual) distance from 

 antenna ; the cover is reticulated with very minute pits. The hairs are 

 about 0'3mm. long, and are all very similar, colourless, and very finely 

 spiculated (pi. iii., fig. 1). The general surface is beautifully marked by 

 a network of raised lines, which, on the abdomen, radiate from raised 

 points, the lines of different points not always meeting. They are 

 independent of the hairs, and, in the spaces, are many minute lenticles, 

 especially round the spiracles. The wings have a beautiful network, with 

 no hairs, lenticles, or raised points. Seen from the ventral aspect, the 

 smooth appendages, or, perhaps, more strictly, the head, has an aureole 

 of hairs, viz., those of the prothorax, which fits down very closely over 

 the head, making it quite ventral ; the hairs form a sort of chevaux de 

 frise fitting down into surface of attachment. The appendages, other 

 than the wings, are transversely wrinkled. When fully mature, a week 

 after change, the colour is darker, and the yellow dorsal and oblique 

 lines are lost in the general deep brown ; the abdominal dorsal band 

 remains dark, and the appendages also. The arrangement of the head and 

 prothorax is very remarkable, the underside of the front of the pupa being 

 the dark, fiat, hardly convex, smooth head, of which the darker antennae 

 form a margin. Hound this, for about a semicircle, there is the 

 anterior border of the prothorax as a pale boundary, but curved round 

 so as to be ventral, and looking as if the head had been squeezed up 

 into it. The rest of the prothorax is in front, and is hairy (Chapman). 



