176 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



in 1901, near Bristol (Davis) ; very abundant, in South Nottingham- 

 shire, in 1901 (Simmons) ; a.bundant, in Monkswood, in 1901 

 (Keynes); July 2nd, 1901, and following days, at Hazeleigh (Raynor); 

 August lst-15th, 1901, near Watford (Arkle) ; August 3rd, 1901, at 

 Marlow (A. H. Clarke) ; bred June 28th, 1902, from larva found on 

 Box Hill, and that pupated June 10th (Oldaker) ; July 10th, 1902, 

 at Ashton Wold (Rothschild) ; July 12th, 1902, and following days, 

 at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; July 16th, 1902, in Chattenden Woods 

 (Burrows) ; July 20th, 1902, at rest, near Painswick ; on July 31st, 

 1903, a fresh specimen, near Painswick (Watkins) ; August 3rd, 1903, 

 and following days, at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; August 9th, 1903, worn, 

 at Box Hill (Goulton) ; bred July 2nd, 1904, from larva taken at 

 Llandogo, on June 3rd ; also July 6th- 15th, on the wing, at Tintern 

 and Llandogo (Bird) ; July 9th-11th, 3904, at Cwrt-yr-alla (Shelley) ; 

 July 17th, 1904, and following days, at Hazeleigh (Raynor) ; July 

 24th, 1904, at North Fambridge (Whittle); July 31st, 1904, on 

 Ranmore Common (Alderson) ; bred June 25th to July 7th, from 

 larva? obtained May 24th to June 3rd, 1905, at Chalfont Road 

 (Ray ward) ; bred June 24th to July 4th, 1905, from pupae obtained at 

 Llandogo and Tintern ; also seen, at large, throughout July, and 

 several times in August, but no actual dates recorded (Bird) ; bred 

 June 27th to July 3rd, 1905, from larvae obtained in Chattenden 

 Woods (Burrows) ; July 5th, 1905, and following days, at Hazeleigh 

 (Raynor) ; July 5th to August 6th, 1906, common, at Tintern and 

 Llandogo (Bird) ; July 16th, 1906, at Bushey Heath (Barraud) ; July 

 15th, 1906, at Hazeleigh; August 15th, 1906, at Stoke Dry (Raynor). 

 Habits. — Bird notes (in litt.) that, " apparently, the $ s are the 

 first to emerge; nineteen pupae obtained in 1905, at Tintern and 

 Llandogo, resulted as follows : June 24th, 1 $ ; June 25th, 1 $ ; 

 June 26th, 2 $ s and 1 2 ; June 27th, 3 $ s ; June 28th, 2 $ s and 

 1 2 ; June 30th, 1 2 ', July 1st, 1 $ and 1 2 ; July 2nd, 2 $ s and 

 1 2 ; July 3rd, 1 2 \ July 4th, 1 2 \ total, 12 '$ s and 7 2 s." 

 When newly emerged, one sees this species, on bright sunny 

 mornings, sometimes flying in numbers round the topmost boughs 

 of the elm-trees, on which the larvae have fed up, or far above, 

 usually from about 8.30 a.m. - 10.0 a.m., but they soon descend 

 to the most attractive flowers in their district, especially if the 

 weather be at all windy, and, with their wings drawn up over their 

 backs, settle down to drink greedily of the nectar provided. From 

 thence on, till the early afternoon, and in the full sun, they remain, 

 frequently immovable, or flitting rapidly from one blossom to another, 

 if not disturbed ; if frightened, however, they soon disappear among 

 the trees, and do not quickly return. When the sun goes off the 

 flowers, they fly up into the surrounding trees to roost, and may often 

 be disturbed therefrom towards sunset, especially if tall ash-saplings 

 be in the vicinity. Except when thus feeding, the insects are retiring 

 in their habits, and may often be completely overlooked. This 

 tendency not to recognise their presence in any place is increased by 

 the uncertainty of the appearance of the species, in some years being 

 in great abundance, in others exceedingly rare. Bird says (in litt.) : 

 " On dullish days Edwardsia w-album keeps to, and occasionally flits 

 quietly about, the upper branches of the taller trees, usually selecting 

 the wych-elm. In bright weather it does not remain so continually 



