196 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



of the inner margin ; a faint row of submarginal orange lunules on 

 forewings, each, usually, with a black point edged towards wing-base 

 with white ; a continuous well-developed submarginal orange band on 

 hindwings, with a series of seven small black spots internally, the 

 latter edged internally (towards base of wing) with white ; an external 

 series of black, filled-in, arches, edged externally with white, runs along 

 the grey-brown marginal wing-border ; a blue spot in the second 

 marginal black arch from anal angle ; fringes grey. 



Sexual dimorphism. — On the whole, the $ s average larger than 

 the $ s, and the caudal appendage is rather longer. Superficially, one 

 can generally distinguish the 2 s from the $ s by the larger quantity of 

 fulvous marking on the margins of the wings, the $ s rarely having any 

 on the forewings, the 2 s having at least two, often three, blotches on the 

 outer margin ; whilst the presence of an oval androconial patch at the 

 apex of the discoidal cell, as in the allied species, characterises the $ , 

 apart from placing any dependence on the variable element of colour. 

 Pierce writes (in litt.): " The ordinary scales of the forewing of the $ 

 are generally 3-pointed parallel-sided scales, -006in. long, -OOlin. wide, 

 those of the $ are similar, though often 4-pointed, and also rather 

 wider and stumpier, viz., -005in. long, and -002in. wide. The andro- 

 conial scales are rounded at the tip, nearly parallel-sided, but narrow- 

 ing gently to the stalk, and appear to contain a thick pigment ; they 

 are -004m. long, and -002in. wide. The underside scales in both sexes 

 are 3- and 4-pointed, with the half-scales, as in the allied species." 

 Aurivillius notes (Bidrag Sv. Vet.-Akad. HandL, v., p. 22) : " The 2 

 is marked differently from the $ by the presence of reddish -yellow 

 spots on the outer edge of the forewings in cells 1-5. On the other 

 hand, the $ has a spot, similar to that described in w-album s which 

 has the same position, size, and influence upon the course of the 7th 

 nervure, as in the latter species, whilst the androconial scales contained 

 therein are similar to those of w-album, except that they are probably 

 somewhat longer and narrower." Ruhl notes a sexual difference in 

 the fringes, for he says that those of the forewings of the $ are violet- 

 grey, whilst those of the 2 are somewhat lighter ; the fringes of the 

 hindwings of both sexes being grey, shot with black. 



Variation. — We have already noted that the 2 s of this species are 

 more marked with fulvous on the upperside of the wings than the $ s. 

 The latter usually have three fulvous submarginal patches (the 3rd 

 sometimes small) on the hindwings ; further patches are occasionally 

 developed up to the costa, whilst, on the forewings, total absence of 

 the fulvous patches is usual, although one, two, three, or even four, 

 may be more or less developed on the forewings, the examples with 

 them well-developed being exceedingly rare in this sex. The 2 s 

 rarely have so little as the normal quantity of the $ s, viz., three on 

 hind-, and none on the forewings ; usually some patches are present 

 on the latter, commencing from the anal angle, and there may be none, 

 one, two, three, four, or five fulvous spots, getting fainter as they reach 

 the costa ; whilst, similarly, on the hindwings, there may be three, 

 four, or five patches, getting fainter also as they go up to the costa ; 

 these spots also show considerable variation in their width, especially 

 on the forewings, where the best-developed ones form a band of almost 

 uniform, and considerable, width. The form with entirely fuscous 



